Correction to: A new and simple method for measuring in situ field-saturated hydraulic conductivity using a falling-head single cylinder

Paddy and Water Environment - Hydraulic properties of soil play important roles in water and temperature regimes. Measuring hydraulic properties has been studied for decades in the laboratory and...     

有限灌溉对绿洲春玉米农田耗水特征及水分利用效率的影响

为了探究有限灌溉对绿洲沙地春玉米农田耗水特征及水分利用效率的影响,利用中子仪结合烘干秤重法连续监测了河西走廊荒漠绿洲沙地春玉米不同生育期农田土壤水分动态,分析了玉米农田日耗水量动态与土壤蒸散及作物水分利用效率。结果表明,整个生育期除播种-五叶期和拔节-孕穗期外,所有有限灌溉处理及充分供水对照间日耗水量均无显著差异(P0.05),各生育时段内日耗水量随生育过程呈由小到大再由大到小的变化趋势,其峰值出现在吐丝—灌浆中期且高达6.8~10.0mm/d。灌水最少但产量最高的有限灌溉处理MI1全生育期蒸散量仅次于灌水较多的处理MI5。对照CK全生育期蒸散量远高于MI5,增幅达16.0%,而以MI3最低。水分利用效率以MI1和MI3最高,且与其他处理及对照间差异显著(P0.05)。水分利用效率以MI4最低,MI1和MI3水分利用效率均比MI2、MI4、MI5和CK显著提高19.3%,34.1%,15.3%和25.4%。MI1与其他所有处理及对照间、MI3与其他所有处理及对照间灌溉水利用效率差异显著,且以灌水最少但产量最高的MI1最高,以MI4最低。处理MI1灌溉水利用效率分别比MI2、MI3、MI4、MI5及CK显著提高35.1%,14.6%,61.0%,36.7%,48.4%,而MI3比MI2、MI4、MI5、CK分别显著提高17.9%,40.4%,19.3%,29.4%,MI5比MI4则显著提高17.7%。因此,有限灌溉能提高绿洲玉米水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率,但有限灌溉对作物水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率提高的促进作用并不具有稳定性。     

Humic Acids Derived from Leonardite-Affected Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Corn Seedlings

Using organic fertilizer or soil amendment such as humic substances is an important component for sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different factions of humic acids (HAs) on corn seedling growth and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out with both an agar culture in root boxes and a hydroponic culture to which 400 mg/L of different factions of humus acids, mixed HAs, and raw Leonardite were added. The experiments were repeated twice with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that applications of HAs significantly improved the leaf and root growth of corn seedlings compared with the control (no HA addition). In the agar culture, seedlings treated with HAs with relatively low molecular weights had more leaves and twice long of roots compared to control and other treatments. In the hydroponic culture, the mixture of three factions was the best treatment for both shoot and root growth of seedlings.     

科尔沁草甸生态系统净碳交换特征及其驱动因子

以2013年10月-2014年9月连续观测的CO₂通量数据为基础,分析了科尔沁草甸生态系统净碳交换量(NEE)的时间变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明,NEE日变化季节差异明显,生长季变化幅度大,净CO₂日吸收速率7月>8月>9月>6月>5月;生长季内,NEE主要受控于叶面积指数和光合有效辐射。NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间的关系可用直角双曲线方程来描述,拟合得到的表观初始光能利用率α为0.0015 μmol CO₂/μmol PAR,最大光合速率P_max为0.65 μmol CO₂/(m²·s)。叶面积指数(LAI)对NEE的影响可由分段函数表示,当LAI>3.08时,表现为渐进饱和型,且LAI越大NEE对PAR的响应越明显;当高饱和水汽压差(VPD)在1.5~2.0 kPa时,光合作用开始降低,NEE明显受到VPD值的抑制;短暂强降雨(累计降雨量>40 mm/d)对昼间NEE有一定的抑制,而持续低强度降雨(降雨时长>15 h)对夜间NEE存在激发作用;夜间NEE随土壤温度呈指数增长,温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)为2.63。     

Soil landscape evolution due to soil redistribution by tillage: a new conceptual model of soil catena evolution in agricultural landscapes

This paper focuses on analysing tillage as a mechanism for the transformation of soil spatial variability, soil morphology, superficial soil properties and development of soil–landscape relationships in agricultural lands. A new theoretical two-dimensional model of soil catena evolution due to soil redistribution by tillage is presented. Soil profile truncation occurs through loss of soil mass on convexities and in the upper areas of the cultivated hillslopes; while the opposite effect takes place in concavities and the lower areas of the field where the original soil profile becomes buried. At sectors of rectilinear morphology in the hillslope (backslope positions), a null balance of soil translocation takes place, independent of the slope gradient and of the rate of downslope soil translocation. As a result, in those backslope areas, a substitution of soil material in the surface horizon with material coming from upslope areas takes place. This substituted material can produce an inversion of soil horizons in the original soil profile and sometimes, the formation of “false truncated soil”. In the Skogstad agricultural field (Cyrus, MN) spatial patterns of soil properties (soil calcium carbonate content) in the surface soil horizons and soil morphology along several slope transects were analyzed. These spatial patterns are compared with those estimated for soil redistribution (areas of erosion and deposition) due to tillage using the Soil Redistribution by Tillage (SORET) model and water erosion using the models Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) and Universal Soil Loss Equation (Usle2D). Results show that tillage was the predominant process of soil redistribution in the studied agricultural field. Finally, some practical implications of the proposed model of soil landscape modification by tillage are discussed. Nomographs to calculated the intensity of the expansion process of the eroded soil units by tillage are proposed for three different patterns of tillage.     

Dielectric coated water content reflectometer for improved monitoring of near surface soil moisture in heavily fertilized paddy field

Mat rush (Juncus effusus L.), used for ‘Tatami’ (a traditional Japanese mat), is a type of crop requiring a large amount of fertilizer (450–600 kg ha⁻¹ of N). In a heavily fertilized mat rush paddy field we examined the monitoring of soil water content (θ) by using the water content reflectometer (WCR). WCR sensors with and without coating rods were prepared and tested for their performance in different solutions. In addition, these sensors for Gley Lowland Soils were also calibrated for measuring θ. The results showed that the measured water content using the uncoated WCR, increasing with the EC of the solution, was 1.6 times of that for distilled water while the output for the coated WCR became 1.04 times. The coating prevents conduction losses while it influences the sensitivity of the WCR sensor. The monitoring of θ using both coated and uncoated WCR sensors in a mat rush paddy field was conducted throughout a cropping season. For the coated sensors, water content could be determined accurately even after fertilizer applications, while with the uncoated sensors it was overestimated. Thus, it was concluded that the use of insulated WCR sensors make it possible to accurately monitor the near surface soil moisture in a heavily fertilized paddy field.     

Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice

Deceleration in rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield over time under fixed management conditions is a concern for countries like Bangladesh, where rice is the primary source of calories for the human population. Field experiments were conducted from 1990 to 1999 on a Chhiata clay loam soil (Hyperthermic Vertic Endoaquept) in Bangladesh, to determine the effect of different doses of chemical fertilizers alone or in combination with cow dung (CD) and rice husk ash (ash) on yield of lowland rice. Two rice crops—dry season rice (December–May) and wet season rice (July–November) were grown in each year. Six treatments—absolute control (T₁), one-third of recommended fertilizer doses (T₂), two-thirds of recommended fertilizer doses (T₃), full doses of recommended fertilizers (T₄), T₂+5 t CD and 2.5 t ash ha⁻¹ (T₅) and T₃+5 t CD and 2.5 t ash ha⁻¹ (T₆) were compared. The CD and ash were applied on dry season rice only. The 10-year mean grain yield of rice with T₁ was 5.33 t ha⁻¹ per year, while the yield with T₂ was 6.86 t ha⁻¹ per year. Increased fertilizer doses with T₃ increased the grain yield to 8.07 t ha⁻¹ per year, while the application of recommended chemical fertilizer doses (T₄) gave 8.87 t ha⁻¹ per year. The application of CD and ash (T₅ and T₆) increased rice yield by about 1 t ha⁻¹ per year over that obtained with chemical fertilizer alone (T₂ and T₃, respectively). Over 10 years, the grain yield trend with the control plots was negative, but not significantly, both in the dry and wet seasons. Under T₃ through T₆, the yield trend was significantly positive in the dry season, but no significant trend was observed in the wet season. The treatments, which showed positive yield trend, also showed positive total P uptake trend. Positive yield trends were attributed to the increasing P supplying power of the soil.     

Modeling the soil water balance based on time-dependent hydraulic conductivity under different tillage practices

A simulation model with time-dependent hydraulic conductivity parameters was used to predict the effects of three different tillage practices: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) and subsoiling tillage (ST) on the components of the soil water balance during the summer maize growing season. The predictive capability of the model was improved, particularly for the subsoiling tillage case. The simulation results show that temporal changes in soil hydraulic conductivity induced by different tillage practices can affect percolation, water storage, transpiration and evaporation. Differences in the simulated components of the water balance were found to be small between CT and NT practices, but larger in the ST case. Compared with the conventional and no-tillage methods, subsoiling promotes infiltration and deep percolation, thereby favoring a possible recharge of the groundwater. Actual evaporation is always lower in the subsoiled plots, whatever the hydrological year. Transpiration is similar for the three treatments, suggesting no significant differences in water availability, except in wet years where it is higher in subsoiled soils.     

Drip irrigation emitter clogging in Dutch greenhouses as affected by methane and organic acids

It is believed that the serious clogging of drip irrigation emitters in the Dutch greenhouse industry is caused by methane-oxidising bacteria and/or organic acids used as anti-clogging agents. In this study greenhouses with moderate to severe emitter clogging have been examined. High methane concentrations—up to 69 mg/l—were found both in ground water (GW) and in the water from reverse osmosis (RO); however, in the fertiliser-mixing tanks (MTs), methane concentrations were <0.01 to 9 mg/l.In trials, a methane concentration of 0.11 mg/l in the fertiliser-mixing tank (MT), giving 0.08 mg/l at the emitter outlet, caused severe clogging of tube emitters and after prolonged exposure, also of labyrinth emitters. Slime in the emitter with ‘methane treatment’ contaminated not only higher carbon and adenosine triphosphate, but also higher element concentrations than in the non-methane treatment. Biofouling increased the deposits of salts (scaling). To avoid emitter clogging, growers using ground water should carefully volatise the methane gas if it is present in the fertiliser-mixing tanks at concentrations higher than 0.01 mg/l, i.e. the detection limit.Organic acids, i.e. acetic acid and formic acid, were shown to increase the growth of Trichoderma, a fungus often isolated from emitter slime. Commercial anti-clogging agents containing organic acids were not effective in killing Trichoderma. It is likely that the carbon of the acids serve as a substrate for the micro-organisms. The use of anti-clogging agents without organic acids is advisable.