土壤矿物驱动的反硝化研究进展

氮肥的大量施用虽然极大地推动了粮食的增产,但也引发了一系列生态环境问题。氮素在农田土壤中的转化规律长期受到研究人员的关注。本文介绍了农田土壤中除有机质以外的多种可以为反硝化提供电子的土壤矿物,如亚铁[Fe（Ⅱ）]和亚锰[Mn（Ⅱ）]的反硝化过程研究进展,探讨了可能影响土壤矿物驱动反硝化反应规律的因素。通过梳理发现,传统研究主要是在纯相条件下对Fe（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅱ）驱动反硝化过程进行研究。近年来愈来愈多的证据表明,在农田土壤这种复杂的介质中,Fe（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅱ）也可以为反硝化提供电子。然而,土壤矿物驱动的反硝化在农田土壤反硝化过程中的作用存在不确定性,其内在机理以及对农田土壤氮循环和温室气体排放的作用机制尚不明确。本文指出土壤矿物驱动的反硝化在农田土壤中的影响因素、作用机制以及该过程与有机质驱动的异养反硝化的相互关系是未来的研究方向。     

水氮供应对北疆春玉米产量、水氮利用及品质的影响

为了探明膜下滴灌条件下水氮供应对北疆春玉米产量、水氮利用效率以及子粒品质的影响,设计3个灌水量水平和4个施氮量水平共12个处理的双因素测坑试验。结果表明,在同一灌水量条件下,随施氮量的增加,春玉米子粒产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、地上部干物质量、氮素吸收量以及总淀粉和粗蛋白含量,均表现出先增后减的趋势,耗水量无显著变化,氮素利用效率(NUE)和粗脂肪含量分别表现出递增和递减的趋势。在同一施氮量条件下,随灌水量的增加,耗水量、子粒产量、NUE和总淀粉含量以及地上部干物质量与氮素吸收量,均表现出递增趋势,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量相反,而WUE先增后减。通过CRITIC和TOPSIS综合评价排序,与试验地肥力相近的北疆膜下滴灌春玉米适宜的灌水量为5 100 m³/hm²、施氮量为460 kg/hm²。     

Drainage performance and soil management

The performance of installed subsurface drainage systems is considerably influenced by soil management practices. These influences can be both positively and negatively. Cases of such influences are discussed in this paper. Optimal rootzone aeration and soil workability will often require a combination of drainage and soil management improvements.     

Potential use of the scheduler plant stress monitor in soybean

Much of work relating plant temperature to plant water stress has been done in arid regions. In 1989–1990, investigations were carried out verifying the validity of the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor made by the Standard Oil Engineering Materials Company of the United States, in irrigation timing, under Hungary's changeable weather conditions.Three different water treatments were used:

• 1.⊎ natural rainfall only (control),
• 2.⊎ lysimeter study, where the water supply is in accordance with the water demand of plants,
• 3.⊎ irrigation according to the instructions of the Scheduler.

The monitor compares plant and air temperature differences to calculate stress index and irrigation timing. The measured indices were corrected for wind speed.Taking the varied water levels into account, the highest grain yield occurred in canopies watered by using the Scheduler instructions. In 1989, the yield increase was more moderate (16.5%) than that of the yield surplus in dry 1990 (38.1%), comparing to the results of non-irrigated control.The water-use efficiency in plant stands grown by the Scheduler control fell between the results of non-irrigated control and lysimeter study, independent of weather conditions.Use of the Scheduler may be recommended mainly in arid growing seasons, where yield increase is high enough to compensate for the additional cost of irrigation water. In Hungary, where the weather is very changeable it cannot be stated with complete confidence that the Scheduler is always an effective tool in irrigation planning. To clarify this problem further work is needed.     

Modeling the impact of alternative drainage practices in the northern Corn-belt with DRAINMOD-NII

The hydrologic and water quality impacts of subsurface drainage design and management practices are being investigated through field and simulation studies throughout the northern Corn-belt. Six years of data from an ongoing field study in south central Minnesota (Sands et al., 2008) were used to support a modeling effort with DRAINMOD-NII to investigate: (1) the performance of the model in a region where soils are subject to seasonal freeze-thaw and (2) the long-term hydrologic and water quality characteristics of conventional and alternative subsurface drainage practices. Post-calibration model prediction and efficiency were deemed satisfactory using standard model performance criteria. Prediction errors were primarily associated with early spring snowmelt hydrology and were attributed to the methods used for simulating snow accumulation and melting processes, in addition to potential sublimation effects on ET estimates. Long-term simulations with DRAINMOD-NII indicated that drainage design and/or management practices proposed as alternatives to conventional design may offer opportunities to reduce nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen losses without significantly decreasing (and in some cases, increasing) crop yields for a Webster silty clay loam soil at Waseca, Minnesota. The simulation study indicated that both shallow drainage and controlled drainage may reduce annual drainage discharge and NO₃-nitrogen losses by 20-30%, while impacting crop yields from −3% (yield decrease) to 2%, depending on lateral drain spacing. The practice of increasing drainage intensity (decreasing drain spacing) beyond recommended values appears to not significantly affect crop yield but may substantially increase drainage discharge and nitrate-nitrogen losses to surface waters.     

Comparative evaluation of SCS-CN-inspired models in applications to classified datasets

One of the popular methods for estimating the depth of surface runoff for a given rainfall event is the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. Of late, several inconsistencies in its soil moisture accounting procedure have been pointed out by Michel et al. (2005), and a more rational procedure suggested. Recently, a modification incorporating an expression for estimation of initial soil moisture store level, a crucial parameter, was suggested by Sahu et al. (2007). The present study compares this modification with the original SCS-CN model and the other available variants on a large set of data of 76 small agricultural watersheds of the United States and finally suggests an improved model. The comprehensive comparison between these models reveals the proposed improvement to perform better than all other versions in all classified applications based on land use, soil type, combinations of land use and soil type, and precipitation regimes. A simplified version of the model is further suggested for practical applications.     

Comparison of Predicted and Measured Air Flow Patterns in a Mechanically Ventilated Livestock Building without Animals

Air flow in a section from a full scale livestock building has been simulated using PHOENICS, a computational fluid dynamics program, to give the mean velocity and turbulence energy distribution under isothermal conditions. The section has sloping ceilings, an air intake at the apex, and side-wall extractor fans. A narrow inlet gap creates the horizontal air jet which is the basis of the ventilation system. A summer ventilation rate of 44 air changes per hour was simulated, with a Jet Momentum Number of 0·0076 and an inlet Reynolds Number of 5x10r4 based on a gap size of 0·1 m and a mean velocity of 6·1 m sr-1. Calculated mean air velocites within the section were in close agreement with values measured by a sonic anemometer. Despite its known shortcomings, use of a standard turbulence model to simulate the turbulence energy generation and dissipation gave good predictions of turbulence energy distribution.     

Silvicultural treatments for sapling mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) to optimize timber production and minimize seedling encroachment

To maximize lumber production and minimize weed problems with Prosopis glandulosa, silvicultural treatment methods were evaluated nine years after initiation. A randomized complete block design was used with four replicates and six treatments. Plots were shredder-harvested leaving sixteen 2-m squares on 10-m spacing that included a final rotation crop tree. In three of the treatments the crop trees were pruned to a single stem. To prevent re-establishment of mesquite in the interstitial areas, plots were spot sprayed with herbicides, disked, or disked and seeded with rye grass in 1986. Herbicide treatments and disking continued yearly through 1989. In 1991, disk treatments were repeated. After both 2.5 and 9 yrs, significant treatment differences were found for growth of basal diameter, growth of basal area, and growth of dry weight. The greatest crop tree growth occurred in treatments that were pruned with interstitial competition suppressed. Mortality was greatest in the dense treatments, while re-establishment of mesquite was greatest in the more open treatments. The greatest basal diameter growth of 1.21 cm year⁻¹ in the disked and pruned treatments is comparable to other fine hardwoods in temperate and dry tropical forests.     

白膜、黑膜全年覆盖下的土壤水、热、盐变化

地膜覆盖因能有效地增温保墒增产而在黄土丘陵区旱作农林生产中广泛应用。为明确不同薄膜覆盖的差异以及连续覆膜条件下的土壤水热盐变化特征,于2015年7月1日—2017年6月30日在陕北米脂进行野外连续覆膜定位观测,试验设裸地(CK)、白色薄膜(WF)与黑色薄膜(BF)3种处理,利用GS3仪器监测0～150cm深度的土壤水分、温度和电导率。结果表明:1)连续覆盖两年后,两种覆膜处理平均土壤含水量为16.9%, CK为13.6%,土壤储水量分别达314.56mm、204.44mm,具体表现为土壤含水量BF在0～15cm高于WF(P0.05),15～30cm低于WF(P0.05); 0～150 cm, WF和BF总储水量差异不显著,与CK差异显著(P0.05);在作物生育期覆膜平均较CK提高储水量60.8 mm。2)膜覆盖下近地面日温差WF大于BF, 0～150 cm,两种覆膜周年土壤平均温度无显著差异,较CK高1.3℃(P0.05);气温较高条件下WF比BF、CK缩短冻融时间分别达8d和24d,WF更有利于土壤解冻和早春土壤增温。3)周年土壤表层盐分高,其中0～30 cm土层电导率为BFWFCK, 30～50 cm土层为WFBFCK,但土壤总体盐分较低,无土壤盐渍化趋势, 50 cm以下3种处理盐分没有差异。综合而言, WF较BF更能提高表层土壤温度, BF较WF更能提高表层土壤水分,覆膜保墒增温,延长作物生长时间。研究成果可为黄土丘陵区旱作农业覆膜应用提供土壤水热盐调控依据,也为果园和林地常年连续覆膜提供参考。