东北黑土坡耕地不同水力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响

集中水流条件下细沟土壤侵蚀过程对研究细沟侵蚀机理与土壤侵蚀预报有着重要的意义,并且为土壤侵蚀模型其他重要参数比如剥蚀率、可蚀性参数提供基础数据。为了研究东北黑土坡耕地不同水动力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,测量含沙量随坡长的分布。试验设计包括4个坡度(5?、10?、15?、20?)与3个流量(1、2、4 L/min),在不同水力条件下,测量不同坡长(0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8m)含沙量。结果表明含沙量在各种水力条件下均随坡长增加,且其增加的速率随坡长减小。对坡长与含沙量系列数据用幂指数函数拟合,其决定系数R2在0.85到0.99之间。因此,黑土坡耕地细沟侵蚀产生的含沙量随坡长呈幂指数增加,且含沙量在一定坡长之后将达到最大值。随坡度和流量的增大,水流在更短的坡长上侵蚀并携带更大的最大含沙量。该文对进一步理解与研究细沟侵蚀过程有着重要的意义,且为深入研究细沟侵蚀提供了数据支撑,为土壤侵蚀模型剥蚀率、可蚀性参数等提供依据。     

余热利用换热器硫酸和水蒸气耦合凝结数值模拟

为准确预测烟气换热器表面酸凝结,了解其表面低温腐蚀特性,采用一种预测换热器表面酸蒸气凝结和水蒸气凝结耦合计算方法,通过结合H₂SO₄-H₂O溶液的气液平衡数据和多元组分传输理论,建立了酸蒸气和水蒸气凝结的数值模型,并采用CFD软件对方形翅片管换热器的低温腐蚀特性进行数值分析,重点研究酸蒸气含量和水蒸气含量对酸沉积和腐蚀特性的影响.结果表明:换热器翅片表面酸液质量分数的分布和翅片表面温度的分布趋势一致,酸沉积主要发生在翅片前缘及换热管前方靠近管壁的翅片表面;水蒸气含量升高会导致翅片表面酸液质量分数下降和酸沉积率上升,增加换热器低温腐蚀的风险,结果可为换热器安全运行提供参考.     

若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散时空动态特征及影响因子

潜在蒸散(ET0)对水资源评价和气候变化均具有重要意义。利用若尔盖湿地及其周边19个气象站1960—2015年逐日气象资料,根据辐射修正的Penman-Monteith模型计算了湿地潜在蒸散量,采用累积距平、Mann-Kendall检验、Pettitt检验、Theil-Sen趋势度、Hurst指数等方法分析了蒸散变化规律,并对蒸散影响因子进行了主成分分析。结果表明:(1)若尔盖湿地年ET0均值为625.3mm,并以4.89mm/10a的速率显著上升(p<0.01),四季ET0表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。年、秋、冬ET0分别在1968年(p<0.01),1997年(p<0.01),2003年(p<0.1)突变上升,春、夏两季未出现突变。(2)湿地年均ET0呈南部、东部边缘高、西北—东南一线较低的空间分布特征,且变化速率由东北向西南递减,其中西部班玛以北及南部马尔康、黑水之间地区ET0呈缓慢下降趋势。(3)湿地年ET0的Hurst指数在0.56～0.91间,主要呈四周高、中部低的空间分布规律。未来湿地ET0变化趋势以持续性增加为主,面积比例为96.88%。(4)气温上升是引起湿地ET0增加的最主要原因,其次是日照时数的增加和相对湿度的降低。净辐射、风速和降水量的减少引起的ET0减少被气温等其他因素作用所抵消。     

滴灌和施用秸秆降低日光温室番茄地氮素淋溶损失

以一年两季设施番茄为对象,利用渗漏池收集渗漏液,研究了设施菜地不同灌溉模式(滴灌、漫灌)和施用有机物料(单施鸡粪M、鸡粪配施玉米秸秆M+C、鸡粪配施小麦秸秆M+W)对土壤矿质态氮、可溶性有机氮淋溶损失的影响。结果表明,日光温室栽培条件下,氮素的淋溶损失主要发生于秋冬季,滴灌和漫灌模式下,该季可溶性总氮淋失量占全年淋失量的56.8%和71.1%。漫灌模式下,冬春季和秋冬季可溶性总氮淋失量分别为114.3和281.1kg/hm~2,占单季氮投入量的12.5%和29.3%。与漫灌相比,滴灌使全年番茄产量和氮素吸收量分别显著提高15.6%和21.4%,氮素利用率(氮素吸收量/氮素投入量)显著提高47.5%,同时使全年矿质态氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)和可溶性有机氮淋失量分别降低68.6和47.4 kg/hm~2,降幅分别为33.1%和39.6%。与单施鸡粪相比,鸡粪配施秸秆(玉米或小麦)对番茄产量无影响,但显著降低灌溉水渗漏量和氮素淋溶损失量,使全年灌溉水渗漏损失量平均降低24.3%,全年矿质态氮和可溶性有机氮淋失量分别平均降低26.6%和33.7%。综上,可溶性有机氮在氮素淋溶损失中不可忽视,滴灌模式通过降低渗漏液中氮的浓度,配施秸秆通过减少灌溉水的渗漏损失,进而降低可溶性氮的淋溶损失。     

A multiple regression approach to assess the spatial distribution of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) at the regional scale (Flanders,Belgium)

Estimates of the amount of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) at the regional scale are important to better understand the role of the SOC reservoir in global climate and environmental issues. This study presents a method for estimating the total SOC stock using data from Flanders (Belgium). More than 6900 SOC measurements from the national soil survey (database ‘Aardewerk’) are combined with a digital land use map and a digital soil map of Flanders. The spatial distribution of the SOC stock is studied in its relation to factors such as soil texture, soil moisture (drainage class) and land use. The resulting map with a resolution of 15 m consists of different classes forming a combination of these environmental factors. The results show that the lowest SOC amount (kg m^? 2) is stored under cropland whereas the highest amount is found under grassland. Regarding the effect of soil properties, a significant correlation between SOC stock and depth of the ground water table is observed. Sandy loam soils stock the lowest SOC amount (kg m^? 2), whereas clay soils retain the highest SOC amount. First, the mean SOC amounts of the land use–soil type classes are calculated and assigned to the corresponding cells in order to obtain a total SOC stock with its spatial distribution for Flanders. Then, a multiple regression model is applied to predict the SOC value of a particular land use–soil type class on the map. This model is based on the observed relationships between SOC and land use–soil type characteristics, using the entire dataset. The first approach does not allow to obtain a (reliable) SOC value for all land use–soil type classes due to a lack of samples in some classes. A major advantage of the regression model approach is the attribution of class specific SOC values to each land use–soil type class, regardless of the number of observations in the classes. Consequently, by applying the model approach instead of the mean approach, the area for which a reliable SOC estimate could be obtained increased by 8.1% (from 9420 km² to 10179 km²) and the total predicted SOC stock increased by 10.1% (from 88.7 ± 5.6 Mt C to 97.6 ± 1.1 Mt C).     

Thresholds of particle entrainment in a poorly sorted sandy gravel-bed river

A series of bedload samples and hydraulic measurements were made in the poorly sorted sandy-gravel bed of the Arbúcies River to determine the threshold conditions for initiation of motion. Entrainment has been analysed using two different initial-motion methods: the largest-grain method and the reference or fractional transport rate method. Both methods yield different results in terms of the equal mobility hypothesis. The deviation between scaled and non-scaled initial motion relations are clear: (a) the largest-grain critical shear stress varies to the power −0.68 of D_i/D₅₀, indicating a tendency towards size-selective entrainment; but (b) computation of the critical shear stress based on the reference transport method indicates only a very weak dependence on grain size (power −0.91). The question is whether such divergent results are caused by real differences or methodological problems. On one hand, estimations of τ_c from bedload maximum particle size are methodologically problematic. The systematic error associated with determining D_i makes it an unreliable estimator of dimensionless critical shear stress. Much of the observed variation between D_i and τ may be more shear-stress estimations or bedload sampling effects than a consequence of selective entrainment. Any conclusion following this method cannot be substantiated, at least until more hydraulic and bedload data is available. On the other hand, scaling problems are less important in the reference transport method, because fractional rates incorporate scaling considerations. Results indicate a strong tendency towards equal mobility, a relatively common situation described in many other transport data, although the coefficient still suggests weak particle dependence. Bedload does not become coarser as shear stress increases, but its grain-size distribution remains constant, as expected under prevailing equal mobility conditions.     

Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens and fertilizers on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

A 60-day glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the influence of two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (GRP3 and PRS9), organic manure, and inorganic fertilizers (urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), muriate of potash and monocalcium phosphate) alone and in combination on the multiplication of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. Pseudomonas fluorescens GRP3 was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than PRS9. Organic manuring resulted in less galling and nematode multiplication than occurred with DAP. However, DAP was found better in reducing nematode multiplication and improving plant growth than urea. Muriate of potash was the inorganic fertilizer least effective in reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Pseudomonas fluorescens GRP3 with organic manure was the best combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato but improved management of M. incognita can also be obtained if DAP is used with the GRP3 strain of P. fluorescens.     

Weathering of gneiss in Calabria,Southern Italy

The effects of weathering in a Mediterranean climate on the mineralogy and microfabric of Paleozoic gneiss of the Sila Massif, Calabria, southern Italy, have been studied. Field observations show highly weathered rock forms a residual soil. Micromorphological and mineralogical properties of bedrock and saprolite show that the weathering process is characterized by at least two major stages, having two distinct rock microfabrics. In the first stage, the morphological features of the original rock are preserved and weathering is manifested mainly by microfracturing, and large portions of the rock remain unaltered. The second stage of weathering involves further development of microcracks and progressive chemical attack on the minerals. This latter stage occurs along both compositional and microstructural discontinuities, with etch pitting of feldspar, and neoformation of clay minerals and ferruginous products replacing feldspar, biotite, and iron-bearing garnet. The determination of quantitative petrographic indices provides a measure of the various stages of weathering.     

夏玉米交替灌溉施肥的水氮耦合效应研究(简报)

以夏玉米为研究对象进行大田试验,采用二因素四水平完全方案,随机排列,3次重复,根据玉米产量建立回归模型并对其进行解析,确定隔沟交替灌溉施肥条件下的最佳水肥配比.研究结果表明:在供试条件下水、氮对产量有明显的促进作用,而且氮素作用大于灌水作用;两因素交互作用对玉米产量的影响为正效应.供试条件下的最高产量以及相应水、氮最佳配比为:最高产量4076 kg/hm2,生育期灌水量为972m3/hm2,施氮量为230 kg/hm2.与常规灌溉相比,节水施肥模式中的水肥耦合效应对于减少水资源浪费,提高肥料利用率具有重要的理论与实践意义.