氮磷钾对黄芩生长与有效成分累积的影响

探讨氮磷钾营养对黄芩生长动态、产量和有效成分累积的影响,为黄芩的合理施肥提供依据。通过大田试验,采用氮磷钾三因素二次饱和-D最优设计方案(310),定期采样,测定植株的生长指标、根中黄酮和黄芩苷的含量,计算产量,得到合理施肥量。结果表明:单施氮肥最有利于黄芩株高的生长;施磷肥可以促进黄芩根直径、根干重和产量的增加;磷钾配施可以显著提高根冠比和经济系数;单施磷肥最有利于黄芩根中黄酮和黄芩苷的累积。综合考虑各因素,氮磷钾配施优于单施和两两配施,N1P3K3(N 53.13 kg/hm2、P2O5224.89kg/hm2、K2O 224.89 kg/hm2)和N3P3K1(N 149.93 kg/hm2、P2O5224.89 kg/hm2、K2O 79.70 kg/hm2)为较优的两个施肥处理。     

沟道二维泥石流运动和冲淤数值模型研究

以水沙混合流模型为基础,采用混合流沙量动态变化模式,提出泥石流运动控制方程组,建立适用于模拟泥石流在天然沟道中的运动和冲淤过程的二维数值模型.模型基于水动力学理论、水沙两相混合流理论和宾汉体模型理论,考虑了泥石流运动、泥沙输移、沟床变形、泥石流宾汉体流变特性等主要动力学过程.将模型应用于云南东川蒋家沟实测泥石流过程的模拟研究,结果较好地反映了泥石流运动不连续性的特征和泥石流沟道冲淤随时间演变的实际规律.     

不同水分条件下沙漠豆生理指标的变化

运用常规的植物生理抗旱性测定方法,对引种植物沙漠豆在不同土壤水分梯度下叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸以及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）3种保护酶等指标的变化进行研究。结果表明：1）脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫程度的增强逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白质先降低后升高,二者之间存在相互补偿关系,可溶性糖含量呈现先升高再降低的变化趋势,表现出渗透调节物质对干旱的调节作用;2）3种保护酶活性在不同水分处理过程中变化不同,CAT活性表现为升高,SOD在中度干旱水分条件下升高,至重度干旱水分条件下则降低,POD活性的变化与SOD活性变化相反,保护酶之间相互配合协同作用维持了沙漠豆叶片细胞膜的完整性;3）丙二醛浓度随干旱胁迫程度的增强而升高,表明沙漠豆随水分不足可以通过增加渗透调节物质含量、增强保护酶活性、提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫的伤害。     

蓄水坑灌单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的数值模拟

为了提高蓄水坑灌条件下土壤氮素的利用率,建立了蓄水单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的数学模型,利用有限体积法进行了求解,并利用室内蓄水单坑灌施尿素条件下土壤水分和氮素运移转化实测数据进行了验证。结果表明,蓄水单坑灌施尿素1 700 mg/L条件下,土壤铵态氮主要分布在20～70 cm深度范围内,1～3 d内土壤铵态氮含量明显增大,7 d后开始减小;土壤硝态氮主要分布在湿润锋附近,1～7 d内硝化作用逐渐增强,20～70 cm范围内硝态氮浓度不断增大。土壤含水率、湿润锋、铵态氮、硝态氮含量计算值与实测值吻合较好,说明所建立的蓄水单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的数学模型是正确的,采用有限体积法求解是可行的。该模型可较好地模拟蓄水坑灌单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的动态变化。     

大田原生盐碱荒地入渗特性的试验

为揭示原生盐碱荒地土壤的入渗特性,基于大田原生盐碱荒地4个试验点的原位土壤入渗试验,并与非盐碱土壤入渗特性比较,探讨了盐碱荒地土壤的入渗的过程和特性。结果表明:原生盐碱荒地的入渗过程与非盐碱荒地相类似,但其累积入渗量和入渗率远小于非盐碱地,且入渗率的衰减速度远快于非盐碱地,究其原因是由其水力传导度小所导致,而水力传导度小的根本原因是由于盐碱土壤中含有较多的交换性钠离子;盐碱土壤的累积入渗量和相对稳定入渗率与其含盐量、Na+离子含量间呈反比例关系;其入渗过程也可用Kostiakov模型来表征,用与Kostiakov两参数模型结合的分段模型可获得更好的表征精度。研究结果对于推进土壤水分运动理论的研究具有一定的意义,可为原生盐碱荒地的改良提供技术支撑。     

蓄水坑灌条件下复水对水氮运移规律的影响

为了明确灌后复水(降水)对土壤中水氮分布的影响以及选择合理的灌施方式,通过室内模型试验,研究了在蓄水多坑肥灌条件下不同降水量(30.624,37.334,43.56 mm)所对应单坑不同复水量(140.1,228.7,400.5 mm)和不同复水时间(灌后1,5,10 d)对土壤水氮运移的影响.研究结果表明:复水后土壤含水率增大,复水量为228.7 mm及以上时,30~80 cm深度范围内土壤含水率均达到田间持水率的80%以上,且复水量越大或复水时间间隔越短,复水后水分分布越均匀;硝态氮在湿润锋处积累明显,复水后坑壁附近土壤硝态氮质量浓度降低,硝态氮质量浓度峰值向远处推进,复水量越大或复水时间间隔越短,硝态氮推进越远且向深处迁移越明显;复水后铵态氮质量分数在近坑处降低,在距坑较远处增加,但变化幅度均不大,复水量越大,或复水时间间隔越短,对铵态氮质量浓度影响越大,复水后土壤铵态氮分布越均匀.     

Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea–barley intercrops

Intercropping advantages may be influenced by both plant density and relative frequency of the intercrop components. In a field study barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were sole cropped and intercropped at three densities and with two relative frequencies when intercropped.Earlier seedling emergence gave barley an initial growth advantage, assessed using the relative efficiency index (REIc), whereas pea was in general more growth efficient once the initial growth phase had been passed. This reversal in relative growth efficiency along with the observation that early barley dominance did not appear to suppress pea growth indicates that differences in phenology played a role in shaping the prevailing dynamics. Whereas increases in plant density had a positive effect on the growth of pea, the growth of intercropped barley was severely limited by increases in density at the end of the growing period and more so in the pea dominated intercrop. At the final harvest land equivalent ratios (LER) of 0.9–1.2 express resource complementarity in almost all studied intercrops, complementarity that was not directly affected by changes in plant density or relative frequency.Intercropped pea did not increase its reliance on atmospheric nitrogen fixation compared to the pea sole crop. With respect to soil nitrogen uptake there were no effect of plant density but a strong effect of the relative frequency of pea in the intercrop, the greater the proportion the lower the uptake.Changes in the competitive strength of the pea and barley crop over the growing season had a marked effect on the proportion of pea in the final grain yields of the intercrops. At low and recommended density the proportions of pea and barley in the final grain yield was not markedly different from the expected proportions sown; however, at high density the suppression of barley strongly increased the proportion of pea in the final grain yield.Weed infestation levels decreased as density was raised and the suppressing effect of density was clearly stronger the greater the frequency of pea in the crop. Earlier germination and tillering ability of barley are seen as likely explanations of lower weed load in the barley dominated crop treatments.This study points at the potential of employing density and relative crop frequency as “regulators” when specific intercrop objectives such as increased competitiveness towards weeds or specific grain yield composition are wanted.     

刺槐根系抗弯特性研究

从根径和坡位两方面研究了石质陡边坡刺槐根系的抗弯特性。通过对刺槐根系进行室内单根弯曲试验,分析了不同坡位下坡向侧根的抗弯特性。试验结果表明,根系的抗弯强度与坡位的关系显著,不同坡位抗弯强度关系为:坡顶>坡中>坡底。坡顶和坡底根系的抗弯强度与根径之间存在递增的幂函数关系,而坡中根系抗弯强度与根径之间的关系不显著。弯曲弹性模量与根径存在递减的幂函数关系,在根径大于8mm左右,不同坡位根系弯曲弹性模量大小关系为:坡顶>坡中>坡底。不同坡位根系的最大弯曲力之间差异不显著,最大弯曲力沿着坡面向下呈递减趋势。不同坡位根系的断裂挠度之间差异也不显著,但根系的断裂挠度沿着坡面向下呈递增趋势。综合这些结果,可以发现坡顶根系的抗弯性能最佳,对边坡稳定的贡献较大。     

东北典型黑土区土壤侵蚀过程顺坡起垄垄沟水力学特征分析

垄沟是垄作长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀过程的重要汇流路径。明确垄沟的水力学特征,对于模拟东北典型黑土区垄作坡耕地土壤侵蚀过程至关重要。研究采用室内模拟降雨的方法,系统分析不同垄作方式、坡度、雨强等条件下垄沟的主要水力学参数和变量。结果表明:不同垄作方式下,坡面侵蚀量整体为窄垄宽垄无垄,并与坡度和雨强乘积呈线性正相关。水力半径随雨强和坡度的变化曲线呈对数关系;宽垄水力半径比窄垄高8.4%～11.6%,平均为10.0%。在坡度和雨强相同的情况下,宽垄垄沟糙率整体高于窄垄垄沟糙率;且在坡度递增后,宽垄垄沟糙率相较于窄垄垄沟减小幅度更弱。已有土壤侵蚀模型的坡面糙率建议取值低于本区实际观测值,需结合实际情况对其重新率定,其结果可为研究区土壤侵蚀过程模拟提供依据。     

Root nitrification capacity of lettuce plants with application to aquaponics

Aquaculture and hydroponics have experienced significant growth and market presence in recent years. While aquaponics, the combination of fish and plant culture systems, is beginning to experience the same exponential growth and interest that hydroponics did many years ago, very little information is available on sizing and design of these systems. Incorporation of hydroponic plants with recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) aids in removal of ammonia/ammonium based wastes, thus reducing the need for water discharge to control water quality. Surface only nitrification rates were quantified to be 0.83g/m²/day for inert surfaces and 0.20/m²/day for root surfaces. Direct assimilation of ammonia by the lettuce plants was less than 2% of the total ammonia and ammonium nitrogen (TAN) removed from the culture water, with the remainder being removal by oxidation of TAN into nitrate.