陕西省耕地资源禀赋与贫困关系量化研究

对陕西省108个县(区)的耕地资源指标和贫困指标进行了相关分析。运用Excel软件和Supermap软件处理耕地资源与人类社会经济关系的一系列指标。结论:1)陕西省耕地资源丰富县与贫困县相关性分析结果为无相关性;陕西省耕地资源禀赋与经济贫困之间的相关分析结果为无相关性;所以陕西省耕地资源禀赋与贫困之间没有相关性。2)陕西省贫困地区分布特点:全省贫困县主要分布在陕北和陕南;耕地资源丰富县主要分布在陕北和关中的山区;耕地资源丰富且贫困的地区主要分布在陕北和关中的山区;既非贫困县又非耕地资源丰富县主要分布在关中的平原地区。     

Addressing the interplay of poverty and the ecology of landscapes: a Grand Challenge Topic for landscape ecologists?

We argue for the landscape ecology community to adopt the study of poverty and the ecology of landscapes as a Grand Challenge Topic. We present five areas of possible research foci that we believe that landscape ecologists can join with other social and environmental scientists to increase scientific understanding of this pressing issue: (1) scale and poverty; (2) landscape structure and human well-being; (3) social and ecological processes linked to spatial patterns in landscapes; (4) conservation and poverty, and (5) applying the landscape ecologist’s toolkit. A brief set of recommendations for landscape ecologists is also presented. These include the need to utilize broad frameworks that integrate social and ecological variables, build capacity to do this kind of work through the development of strong collaborations of researchers in developed and developing countries, create databases in international locations where extreme poverty exists, and create a new generation of researchers capable of addressing this pressing social and environmental issue.     

Peoples’ use of,and concerns about,green space networks: A case study of Birchwood,Warrington New Town,UK

Cultural services provided by green space networks and in particular leisure and recreational opportunities are central to the quality of life of those living in urban areas. However, the literature concerned with green space networks has mainly focused on planning aspects rather than on recreational use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recreational use of, and concerns about, a naturalistic green space network. The case study location was the naturalistic woodland framework in Birchwood, Warrington, UK, known as Birchwood Forest Park. Non-participant observation and content analysis of local archives were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Birchwood Forest Park was used more for leisure activities (52.8%, N=1825; i.e. recreation, sports or play) than for utilitarian purposes (47.2%, N=1825; i.e. as walking or cycling thoroughfare). However, utilitarian walking (30%, N=1825) was the most frequent type of activity observed. The maintenance of the naturalistic woodland framework was the most frequent concern mentioned in the local archives (33.3%, N=234). This case study suggests that the recreational patterns in, as well as peoples' concerns about, naturalistic urban landscapes may be a factor of high-quality maintenance and associated local aesthetic and cultural perceptions. In developing, planning or managing comprehensive urban green space networks it is important to ensure that natural looking scenes are well maintained and that the local community is culturally connected to such scenes.     

栽有黄瓜的Venlo型玻璃温室夏季环境变化规律的研究

研究栽有黄瓜的Venlo型玻璃温室内外环境因子之间的相互影响。以栽有黄瓜的Venlo型两连栋玻璃温室为对象,利用温室控制系统自动记录、保存夏季温室内外温度、湿度、光照的数据。通过分析记录的环境数据,晴天时：室内外温度最大值相差幅度18.97%;相对湿度相差39.6%;阴天时：室内外温度最大值相差幅度15.68%;相对湿度相差35.9%。在晴天和阴天时室内外的光照的差值没有显著差异,这主要是由于覆盖材料决定光照的透射率。研究结果可以为栽有黄瓜的Venlo型玻璃温室环境优化调控提供理论基础和决策支持。     

循环式蒸馏水器设计及降温装置效果试验

针对目前蒸馏水器存在冷却水浪费严重现象,提出利用风扇产生冷风对冷却水降温处理达到循环冷却的目的,设计出循环式蒸馏水器,通过理论公式和试验分析确定循环式蒸馏水器最优结构和最佳工作参数。同时针对蒸馏水器蒸发锅外壁温度过高,热量损失严重,而且存在安全隐患,采用真空绝热板(vacuum insulation panel,VIP)对蒸发锅外壁隔热处理,试验研究发现采用单层VIP蒸发锅外壁温度从96降到43℃,热量损失8.12 W;采用双层VIP蒸发锅外壁温度从96降到28℃,热量损失5.32 W,相对单层VIP真空绝热板温度降低了28.3%、热量损失降低了34.5%,双层VIP真空绝热具有良好的隔热性能,可提高设备的安全性。降温装置的效果试验表明:在室温25℃、降温装置进口水温50℃的条件下,降温装置的最优结构和最佳工作参数为降温板水平角度60°、降温装置进口水流量43.3 m L/s、风扇风速6.0 m/s,降温装置出口水温为26℃,冷却水温度降低了48%,符合冷凝的要求。该研究可为蒸馏水器的改进提供结构参数和工作参数参考。     

天津市民水资源保护意识定量评价

水资源是维持人类生存、经济发展与社会进步的重要物质。但随着人口增长和社会经济的快速发展,水资源短缺和水污染问题日益严重。加强水资源保护意识宣传,提高市民节水意识,是实现水资源可持续利用的重要途径。文中基于系统观念,建立了一套综合评估市民水资源保护意识的指标体系,针对天津市民开展实证研究。选用层次分析法确定指标权重,通过模糊综合评价模型进行定量评价,采用相关分析辨识主要影响因子。结果表明:天津市民水资源保护意识总体一般,水资源保护意识强、中、弱的市民比例分别为50.96%、37.77%和10.92%;不同特征人群水资源保护意识存在差异;基于ArcGIS的空间分析表明天津市民水资源保护意识水平存在"东南高西北低、内高外低"的分布规律。     

黑土区坡耕地土壤酶活性与土壤养分关系研究

对东北黑土区东山沟坡耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和土壤转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性进行了测定,并对其结果做相关分析,表明土壤酶可以作为评价黑土土壤肥力的指标,有机质仍是黑土土壤养分和酶活性的源和库。黑土区坡耕地土壤表层养分含量和酶活性高于次表层的相应指标,且呈现显著性差异。据此,建议黑土区坡耕地积极探索和推广秸秆还田、免耕等水土保持新措施,提高有机质含量,以遏制土壤表层质量退化。     

Promoting urban greening: Valuing the development of green infrastructure investments in the urban core of Manchester,UK

The attribution of economic value to landscape resources is fraught with technical and methodological difficulties. Little is mandated in UK planning policy explaining how economic value should be established. As a result landscape resources have been undervalued, underfunded and marginalised in favour of larger grey infrastructure development. The UK NEA however outlined for the first time a national scale economic evaluation of environmental resources. The Valuing Attractive Landscapes in the Urban Economy (VALUE) Interreg IVB project examined this issue by establishing a toolkit of economic evaluation methodologies for green investments across North-West Europe. Focussing on the returns that investments in green infrastructure can deliver to cities and city-regions, the VALUE project identified economic values that can be used to influence future policy-making. This paper presents an analysis of VALUE street tree investments in Manchester, UK. Using a contingent valuation survey preferences for green investments and associated willingness to pay (WTP) for them were generated. Analysis suggests that willingness to pay is directly related to the size and greenness of the proposed investment and participant perceptions of added value. 75% of respondents were WTP for investments in green infrastructure. Analysis indicates increased WTP and a marked preference for larger and physically greener investments. Payment values ranged from £1.46 to 2.33, a 59.5% variance, between the preferred investment option and the status quo. The paper concludes that although green investments vary in size and function, respondents consider the specific and wider value of green infrastructure resources when asked how much they willing to pay to fund and maintain such investments.     

Private residential urban forest structure and carbon storage in a moderate-sized urban area in the Midwest,United States

In conjunction with urbanization and its importance as a major driver of land-use change, increased efforts have been placed on understanding urban forests and the provisioning of ecosystem services. However, very little research has been conducted on private property and little is known about the structure and function of privately owned urban forests. This research examines the structure of and carbon storage services provided by private residential urban forests in a moderate-sized Midwestern city. The primary research questions are as follows: What is the structure of private urban forests, and how does it vary across parcels? How much carbon is stored in tree and soil pools of private urban forests, and how does carbon vary across parcels? Ecological inventories were conducted on 100 residential parcels within 14 Neighborhood and Homeowners Associations of varying size and development age. Tree species richness, diversity, density, and diameter distribution were determined on a per parcel basis and for the entire tree population sampled. Further, tree and soil carbon storage were determined for each parcel. Results of this research demonstrated large variability in per-parcel tree metrics. Twelve of the parcels sampled had two or fewer trees, while eleven had greater than 50 trees. Further, tree carbon storage ranged from no carbon to 11.22 kg C m^?2. Alternatively, soil carbon storage was less variable and averaged 4.7 kg C m^?2, approximately 1.9 times higher than the average carbon stored in trees (2.5 kg C m^?2). Management efforts aimed at maintaining or enhancing carbon storage and other ecosystem services should focus on both soil protection and maximizing services in living biomass. Our results demonstrate that sustaining tree-produced ecosystem services requires maintenance of large old trees and species diversity, not only in terms of relative abundance, but also relative dominance, and in combination, species–specific size distributions.     

70多年来纸坊沟小流域土壤侵蚀演变过程

为了系统研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀演变过程及其规律,以黄土高原纸坊沟流域为例,在GIS的支持下,运用RUSLE估算了该流域1938-2010年间18个年份的年侵蚀量和侵蚀强度,分析了70多年来流域土壤侵蚀时空演变过程.结果表明:1)纸坊沟流域的土壤侵蚀随时间呈四次抛物线变化,侵蚀模数由1938年的7 584.39t/(km2·a)猛增到1958年的4万6 392.56 t/( km2 ·a),随后总体呈递减趋势,到2010年侵蚀模数降至5 150.80t/( km2·a).2)1938年中度以下侵蚀面积占流域总面积的52.99％;1958-1978年以剧烈侵蚀为主,占流域总面积的67.05％,其中1958年高达78.61％;1978-1998年侵蚀强度有所下降,微度侵蚀面积占流域总面积比例达到29.27％;1999年以来,微度侵蚀面积达到3.85 km2,剧烈侵蚀面积仅占流域总面积的8.96％.经过30多年的综合治理,该流域生态环境明显改善,但沟谷陡荒坡侵蚀依然严重,是今后水土流失治理的重点区域.