Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

Depth-specific distribution and importance of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane-oxidising bacteria in an urban wetland

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) are two recently discovered processes in the nitrogen cycle that are catalysed by anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria, respectively. Here, the depth-specific distribution and importance of anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria were studied in an urban wetland, Xixi Wetland, Zhejiang Province (China). Anammox bacteria related to Candidatus Brocadia, Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Anammoxoglobus, and n-damo bacteria related to “Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera” were present in the collected soil samples. The abundance of anammox bacteria (2.6–8.6 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils (0–10 cm and 20–30 cm) was higher than that (2.5–9.8 × 10⁵ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils, whereas the abundance of n-damo bacteria (0.6–1.3 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils (50–60 cm and 90–100 cm) was higher than that (3.4–4.5 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils. Anammox activity was detected at all depths, and higher potential rates (12.1–21.4 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) were observed at depths of 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm compared with the rates (3.5–8.7 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) measured at depths of 50–60 and 90–100 cm. In contrast, n-damo was mainly occurred at depths of 50–60 cm and 90–100 cm with potential rates of 0.7–5.0 nmol CO₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹. This study suggested the niche segregation of the anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria in wetland soils, with anammox bacteria being active primarily in deep soils and n-damo bacteria being active primarily in shallow soils.     

Soil organic matter fractions as early indicators for carbon stock changes under different land-use?

With respect to carbon sequestration in soil, attempts have been made to identify soil organic matter (SOM) fractions that respond more rapidly to changes in land-use than bulk SOM, which could thus serve as early indicators for the overall stock change. We used a combination of physical fractionation (size and density separation) and chemical characterisation (C-to-N ratios, CuO lignin signature, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy) to identify sensitive SOM fractions in an agricultural system with sandy dystric cambisols in Bavaria, Germany, 7 years after a land-use change. Land-use types included long-term arable land and grassland, and conversion from one system to the other. Soil carbon and nitrogen contents in 0–3 cm increased from 14 to 39 mg organic carbon g⁻¹ soil, and from 1.7 to 3.9 mg nitrogen g⁻¹ soil in the following order: permanent arable, conversion grassland to arable, conversion arable to grassland, and permanent grassland. Wet sieving and ultrasonic dispersion with 22 J ml⁻¹ released <5% and 60% to 80%, respectively, of the amount of particles >20 μm relative to complete dispersion. The most sensitive fraction, with respect to land-use, was SOM in the fraction >20 μm not released after sequential wet sieving and ultrasonic dispersion. In contrast, the proportion of free light (wet sieving, density <1.8 g cm⁻³) and occluded light (ultrasonic dispersion with 22 J ml⁻¹, <1.8 g cm⁻³) particulate organic matter (POM) showed no clear response to land-use. The structural composition of POM indicated its vegetation origin with a selective enrichment of lignin and a loss of O-alkyl C relative to its plant precursors. Decomposition of the occluded light POM was only slightly advanced relative to the free light POM. In mineral fractions <20 μm, SOM was significantly more transformed than in the coarse fractions, as shown by NMR spectroscopy; however, it revealed no specific land-use pattern. An exception to this was the proportion of O-alkyl C in the clay fraction, which increased with SOC content. Ratios of alkyl to O-alkyl C in mineral fractions <20 μm differentiated samples gave a better differentiation of samples than the C-to-N ratios. We conclude that neither free nor occluded light POM are appropriate early indicators for changes in land-use at the investigated sites; however, total SOM, its distribution with depth, and SOM allocated in stable aggregates >20 μm were more sensitive.     

基于能值理论的榆林市耕地可持续利用评价

应用能值理论对榆林市2003—2007年耕地系统的可持续性进行了评价。结果表明,在研究期内,榆林市耕地系统能值总投入并未大幅变动,其中购买能值投入逐年增加,不可更新资源环境投入呈降低趋势,2004年后购买能值所占比重最大,不可更新资源能值投入次之;对能值指标进行分析可以得到,该区域的发展更多地依赖于自然资源的投入,但依赖程度呈逐步降低的趋势。通过与其它区域耕地系统的对比可以得到,榆林市耕地系统存在发展水平较为滞后,农业机械化水平较低,发展严重依赖于自然资源的投入等问题;兼顾到该区域的农业发展水平并为维持区域的可持续性发展,提出该区域应大力发展有机农业和特色农业,在适度增加购买能值的基础上维持其可持续性。     

伊利石对碱性盐化土壤中镉形态的影响

[目的]研究不同伊利石添加量对碱性盐化土壤中重金属镉形态的影响及达到吸附稳定的时间。[方法]采用Tessier连续提取法。[结果]在pH为7.93的土壤溶液中,黏土矿物伊利石的添加使得土壤中重金属镉的有效态逐渐减少,其有效态减少总量从2.047mg/kg增加到3.103 mg/kg,铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐态均有不同程度的升高,有机结合态变化不明显,在吸附行为发生14 d左右基本达到平衡,最后出现少量的离子"释放"。[结论]伊利石对碱性盐化土壤中镉形态有较显著的影响。     

超临界水氧化压力条件对剩余污泥处理效果的影响

在不同压力条件下,采用超临界水氧化法处理剩余污泥。对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮、氨氮的去除效果及总磷、正磷酸盐的变化规律进行了研究,并对处理后的固体产物进行了分析。结果表明,随着反应压力增大,反应后出水水质较好,COD去除效果提高,COD去除率最高为95.80%;随反应压力增大,总氮去除效果提高,总氮去除率最高为85.27%;总氮主要以游离氨和铵离子形式存在,氨氮去除率最高为50.81%。反应压力在27 MPa时,液相中正磷酸盐的转化率达到97.23%。反应后污泥中的磷元素主要以磷酸盐形式存在于污泥残渣中。处理后残渣主要还包含O、Si、Al、Fe,P,S和Ca。超临界水氧化技术处理剩余污泥具有较好的无害化和减量化效果。     

5种酚酸物质对滁菊扦插幼苗生长及酶活性的影响

以滁菊扦插幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方式研究对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸、香草醛和水杨酸5种酚酸物质对其生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:5种酚酸物质在100μmol·L-1的高浓度处理中对滁菊幼苗的根长度、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量产生显著抑制作用。在10和50μmol·L-1浓度处理下,过氧化物酶(POD)活性受到抑制,且增加了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,而在100μmol·L-1处理浓度时,3种酶的活性显著降低。随着酚酸物质浓度的增加,丙二醛(MDA)在根系中含量逐渐增加。在10和50μmol·L-1处理中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均高于对照,而在100μmol·L-1处理条件下,5种酚酸物质对PAL均呈现抑制作用,其酶活性均低于对照。5种酚酸物质浓度在100μmol·L-1时可以抑制根长度,减少滁菊叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖的含量,降低滁菊植株体内POD、CAT、SOD、PAL活性,增加MDA含量,从而对滁菊生长产生毒害作用。     

夜间照明对紫丁香光合作用的影响

利用CI-320便携式光合测定仪于白天10:30～12:00、夜间20:30～21:50测定试验组(16 h光照)和对照组(12 h光照)叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度,并用图像扫描法测定叶面积,结果表明:在夜间灯光照射下,紫丁香夜间光合速率平均值为2.835 6 umol.m-2.s-1,胞间CO2浓度显著减少。同时,在白天,实验组叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著高于对照组,胞间CO2浓度与对照组无显著差异。夜间照明并未引起叶面积产生显著变化。     

Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces (SPUGS)

During recent years, the use of urban green space (UGS) has received increased attention within several research fields, as well as politically, especially in relation to the benefits it provides for human health. Much research on larger green areas has shown that they are beneficial to people's health, physically, socially and mentally. However, because of densification tendencies in cities in Western countries, large green areas are a limited resource and many people live in city areas where the distance to larger green areas reduces the possibility for frequent use. Small Public Urban Green Spaces (SPUGS) in dense city areas might contribute to satisfy the need for everyday experiences of outdoor areas, but research on SPUGS is limited. In this paper, we describe how nine SPUGS in Copenhagen are used by the citizens based on data from 686 respondents who completed on-site questionnaires during their visit. The results show that SPUGS are primarily used for ‘socialising’ and ‘rest and restitution’. Furthermore, they are mainly used by well-educated people between the ages of 30 and 49. For ‘socialising’, SPUGS are primarily used on the way home. For ‘rest and restitution’, SPUGS are primarily used ‘en route’ or on the way home. More than half of the respondents reported living more than 1000 m from the SPUGS, and more than half of the respondents reported that they travel more than 500 m to get to the SPUGS. People aged 50–65 are more likely to visit the SPUGS for ‘rest and restitution’ than the younger age groups. Furthermore the older people are, the less likely they are to visit SPUGS to socialise. These results show that SPUGS are an important asset in citizen's everyday lives, and the results may provide inspiration for landscape architects, city planners and policy makers for the future planning of dense city areas.     

湘西重点生态功能区贫困县扶贫绩效评价

[目的]探讨湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州在扶贫开发过程中能否协调生态保护、生产发展和生活改善三者关系,以期实现扶贫资源的集中整合,寻求重点生态功能区贫困县扶贫开发的适宜模式。[方法]基于精准扶贫战略,结合三生共赢理论构建扶贫绩效评价指标体系,采用主客观赋权法确定指标权重,进而计算2010—2016年研究区生产、生活、生态指数及扶贫综合成效指数。[结果](1)湘西州各县扶贫绩效不断提高,6a间扶贫成效综合指数增长2～4倍,尤其是在精准扶贫战略实行后,扶贫成效显著;(2)贫困区生产指数平均增长5.8倍,提高最快,但研究区不能偏重生产发展而忽略生活、生态方面的改善;(3)重点生态功能区贫困县的扶贫开发需要考虑区域特色,协调好生产、生活、生态三者关系,以此实现可持续发展。[结论]湘西重点生态功能区贫困县的首要任务是摆脱贫困,但在发展经济的同时,保护生态环境与改善生活条件同等重要。