山区道路生态环境评价指标体系研究

针对山区道路的生态环境特性，遵循评价指标选取的原则，采用层次分析法对目标层山区道路生态环境评价指标进行了筛选、优化，最终形成了2大类准则层（自然环境指标、社会环境指标）和17个指标层的山区道路生态环境评价指标体系。     

The Common Modelling Protocol: A hierarchical framework for simulation of agricultural and environmental systems

A modular approach to simulation modelling offers significant advantages for its application to agricultural and environmental questions, including re-use of model equations in different contexts and with different user-interfaces; configuration of model structures that are most appropriate to a given problem; and facilitation of collaboration between modelling teams. This paper describes the Common Modelling Protocol (CMP), a generic, open and platform-independent framework for modular simulation modelling that is in widespread use. The CMP is distinguished from existing simulation frameworks by taking an explicitly hierarchical view of the biophysical system being simulated and by representing continuous and discontinuous processes equally naturally. Modules of model logic are represented in the CMP by entities known as “components”. Each component may possess “properties” that convey the value of the quantities in its equations and “event handlers” that compute model logic. Low-level information-transfers in the CMP are carried out by means of a message-passing system. Co-ordinated sequences of messages carry out tasks such as initialization, exchange of variable values and the control of computation order. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used in the protocol for tasks such as denoting data types, submitting simulations for execution and describing components to user-interface software. Examples are presented showing how the CMP can be used to couple modules developed by different teams and to configure a complex model structure. The choices and trade-offs encountered when building a framework for modular simulation are analyzed, using the CMP and other simulation frameworks as examples. The kinds of scientific issues that arise when the CMP is used to realize collaboration between modelling groups are discussed.     

农牧交错带地表覆盖物对土壤入渗的影响

为了解我国北方农牧交错区不同地表覆盖物对土壤入渗的影响,以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例,采用样线调查法进行地被状况调查,并在所设样线各样方内对应进行入渗试验。通过对外业数据的处理、分析,对各种地被状况影响入渗的情况进行了探讨。结果表明,植物的生长对水分入渗具有促进作用。植被盖度与入渗深度之间呈指数相关关系,相关系数达0.893。枯落物的覆盖对水分的入渗具有明显的阻碍作用,两者呈对数相关关系,相关系数高达0.921。生物结皮对入渗具有明显的阻碍作用,结皮盖度与入渗深度之间呈线性负相关,相关系数为-0.765,说明结皮的存在使土壤水分呈现浅层化趋势。     

基于近红外傅里叶特征提取方法的土壤含水率检测

以湖北地区的3种土壤为研究对象,利用偏最小二乘法建立了处理后样品的土壤含水率分析模型,模型预测值与标准值的决定系数为0.995,交叉验证预测均方差为0.801%,模型预测决定系数为0.992,预测均方差为0.912%,利用该模型预测黄土高原地区黄绵土含水率误差均大于4%.利用近红外光谱傅里叶变换特征提取方法对湖北地区黄棕壤、稻田土和潮土建立土壤含水率PLS预测模型,模型决定系数为0.988,交叉验证预测均方差为1.106%,且该模型预测黄绵土的误差均在2%左右,精度较传统模型有较大提高.     

Laboratory prescreening of Bradyrhizobium japonicum for low pH,Al and Mn tolerance can be used to predict their survival in acid soils

We examined whether strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum selected for growth on acid media in vitro would also survive and grow better in acid soils. Four agar screening media for acid-tolerant rhizobia, which differed in the number of acid soil stresses imposed (pH, low calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), high aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn)), were assessed for their effects on the survival of 14 Indonesian strains and two commercial strains of B. japonicum. Survival of B. japonicum in the agar media was compared with that in two acid soils. A repeat stab inoculation method which provided a declining range of inoculum cell number to 10³ cells per stab was used to assess the daily growth of the strains on the screening media at 5 pH levels (3.8, 4.2, 4.5, 5.0, and 6.8). The growth and survival of the 16 strains were then measured at days 1, 8, 18, and 28 after inoculation in two acid soils (pH 4.24 and 4.35) sterilized using γ-irradiation at 5.0 Mrad. Selectivity of the agar media improved as more acid stress factors were incorporated in the media. Those strains of Bradyrhizobium identified as acid, Al and Mn-tolerant in acidic agar media, also had better survival in the low pH soils. There was no relationship between acid or alkali production on agar media and acid tolerance on agar or in soil. There was no apparent relationship between symbiotic performance and acid tolerance, and one acid-tolerant strain was as effective as the commercial inoculant strain CB1809. The most acid-tolerant strain was also the most ineffective.     

Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas in three vegetational types from the semiarid of Ceará State,Brazil

Semiarid lands are the object of a limited number of studies, very few among them aimed at characterizing root-associated fungal communities. The diverse vegetation occurring in the tropical dry forest from the Ceará State, Brazil, core area of the Brazilian tropical semiarid, has been attributed to its soil, topography and climatic variation. However, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis may have an important role in the function of these ecosystems. We examined AM association in 29 semiarid Brazilian species from three different locations: thorny dry woody savanna vegetation, known as caatinga; non-thorny dry forest and closed, non thorny dry tall-shrubby vegetation, known as carrasco. AM fungal diversity was also compared among the different sites. Twenty of the 22 trees and two of the seven herbs examined had AM association. Arum-type AM morphology was the dominant association occurring in 19 trees and in 3 hemicryptophyte plants. AM morphology is reported for the first time in 21 trees and two herbaceous species. Over the different sites, spore densities in the soil ranged from 5 to 32 per 100 g air-dried soil. Spores of 32 AM fungal taxa were isolated from the soil samples of trees of which twelve belonged to Acaulospora, two to Scutellospora, three to Gigaspora, four to Racocetra, three to Glomus, one to Clareoideoglomus, one to Ambispora, one to Pacispora, one to Sclerocystis, one to Dentiscutata, one to Orbispora, one to Quatunica and one to Entrophospora. Species richness was high in woody caatinga and Glomus macrocarpum, Gigaspora gigantea and Cetraspora pellucida were the most frequent species at different sites. Species diversity (Shannon–Weaver index) did not differ significantly among sites. Water content and phosphorus availability was found to influence the AMF species composition at the plant community level, providing information about the caatinga dominium biodiversity, mainly for its conservation.     

Bacterial community structure and microbial activity in different soils amended with biogas residues and cattle slurry

Anaerobic digestion of organic materials generates residues of differing chemical composition compared to undigested animal manures, which may affect the soil microbial ecosystem differently when used as fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of two biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) and cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹ on bacterial community structure and microbial activity in three soils of different texture (a sandy, a clay and an organic clay soil). 16S rRNA genes were targeted in PCR reactions and bacterial community profiles visualized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. General microbial activity was measured as basal respiration (B-resp), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), specific growth rate (μ_SIR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and nitrogen mineralization capacity (NMC). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis visualized shifts in bacterial community structure related to microbial functions. There were significant differences in bacterial community structure after 120 days of incubation (+20 °C at 70% of WHC) between non-amended (control) and amended soils, especially in the sandy soil, where CS caused a more pronounced shift than biogas residues. Terminal-restriction fragment (TRF) 307, the predominant peak in CS-amended sandy soil, was identified as possibly Bacillus or Streptococcus. TRF 226, the dominant peak in organic soil amended with BR-B, was classified as Rhodopseudomonas. B-resp significantly increased and SIR decreased in all amendments to organic soil compared with the control, potentially indicating decreased efficiency of heterotrophic microorganisms to convert organic carbon into microbial biomass. This was also reflected in an elevated qCO₂ in the organic soil. The μ_SIR level was higher in the sandy soil amended with BR-A than with BR-B or CS, indicating a shift toward species capable of rapidly utilizing glucose. NMC was significantly elevated in the clay and organic soils amended with BR-A and BR-B and in the sandy soil amended with BR-B and CS. Thus, biogas residues and cattle slurry had different effects on the bacterial community structure and microbial activity in the three soils. However, the effects of biogas residues on microbial activities were comparable in magnitude to those of cattle slurry and the bacterial community structure was less affected. Therefore, we do not see any reason not to recommend using biogas residues as fertilizers based on the results presented.     

Yield and water consumption characteristics of wheat/maize intercropping with reduced tillage in an Oasis region

Higher irrigation quota for conventional farming causes substantial conflicts between water supply and demand in agriculture, and wind erosion near soil surface is one of the major causes of farmland degradation and desertification in arid areas. This research investigated the effect of the amounts of irrigation in combination with tillage practices on soil evaporation (E), water consumption (ET) characteristics, and grain yield performance and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in strip planting in an Oasis region. The field experiment, conducted at Wuwei station during 2008–2010, had two tillage systems (reduced tillage with wheat stubble retention vs. conventional tillage without stubble retention), and three (low, medium, and high) levels of irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Averaged across three years, soil evaporation with medium and high levels of irrigation was 6.8% and 5.4% greater than that with low level of irrigation, respectively. Total water consumption of wheat/maize crops under the medium and high irrigation levels was 8.5% and 18.5% greater, respectively, than that under low irrigation. However, grain yields were similar under the medium and high levels of irrigation, so was WUE. The effect of tillage on the wheat/maize intercropping was inconsistent across years or among treatments: soil moisture at harvest was 3.0–7.6% greater in the fields with reduced tillage compared with those with conventional tillage in 2008 and 2009, but no difference was found in 2010; the E/ET ratio of reduced tillage was 9% lower than the ratio under conventional tillage in 2008, 3% higher in 2010, but no difference between the two tillage systems in 2009. Across three years, there was a general trend that the WUE of the wheat/maize intercropping system with reduced tillage was greater (by 4–11%) than that with conventional tillage. We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.     

北京怀柔水库流域土地利用变化及其驱动力研究

使用1990~2005年3期遥感影像数据作为信息源,通过GIS手段,分析怀柔水库流域近15年土地利用变化特征,利用主成分分析法,综合社会经济统计数据,定量分析怀柔水库流域土地利用变化的驱动力。分析表明:流域内阔叶林、针叶林、混交林的面积所占比例呈上升趋势,灌木林面积下降趋势明显,农田面积总体变化不大;土地利用变化和经济发展程度密切相关,与人口因素关联度不高。     

2种离子固化剂改善黄土抗剪强度和抗渗性的研究

为了探讨CONAID和LUKANG 2种离子固化剂的固土性能及其影响因素,对不同固化剂掺量、养护龄期、压实度和含水率的固化黄土进行了直剪试验和渗透试验.研究结果表明:随着固化荆掺量、养护龄期和压实度增大,2种固化土的内摩擦角和黏聚力呈上升趋势,渗透系数呈下降趋势,且规律比较接近.其中LUKANG固化剂对黄土抗剪强度和抗渗性的改善效果优于CONAID固化荆.建议在施工过程中选用LUKANG固化剂,掺量宜取0.01%.为了达到更好的抗剪和抗渗效果,应尽量延长固化土的养护龄期,增加压实度.