Thermal Properties Optimization of Envelope in Energy-saving Renovation of Existing Residential Building

The impact of windows to wall ratio and thermodynamic performance of windows on the insulating layer thickness cannot be neglected in existent residential building energy-saving renovation because of the bigger difference of windows to wall ratio. The limited equivalent coefficient of envelope heat transfer was posed based on “Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones”. Factors of orientation, windows to wall ratio and windows types should be comprehensively considered in building calculation model of thermal insulation thickness of external wall and envelope thermodynamic performance optimization model. These models are validated by an existing residential building in Xuzhou.     

Uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy elements by two earthworm species from a smelter contaminated area in northern Kosovo

As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations were determined in two earthworm species (Allolobophora rosea and Nicodrilus caliginosus) from a mining and industrial area in northern Kosovo and compared with their contents in the bulk soil and the main soil fractions. Earthworm specimens were collected at fifteen sites located at different distances from a Pb–Zn smelter along a gradient of decreasing contamination. Individuals of A. rosea and N. caliginosus showed similar tissue levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn, suggesting that earthworm species belonging to the same eco-physiological group have a similar propensity to uptake and bioaccumulate heavy elements. Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations in both earthworm species were positively correlated with the respective total soil contents and generally decreased with distance from the smelter. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) revealed that Cd and Zn were the only elements bioaccumulated by earthworms. The rank order of BAF values for both species was as follows: Cd > > Zn > > Cu > As = Pb = Sb. The absorption of Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn by earthworms mostly depended on the extractable, reducible and oxidable soil fractions, suggesting that the intestine is likely the most important uptake route. The extractable soil fraction constantly influenced the uptake of these heavy elements, whereas the reducible fraction was important mainly for Pb and Zn. The water soluble fraction had an important role especially for the most mobile heavy elements such as Cd and Zn, suggesting that dermal uptake is not negligible. As a whole, the analytical data indicate that soil fractionation patterns influence the uptake of heavy elements by earthworms, and the extractable fraction is a good predictor of heavy element bioavailability to these invertebrates in soil.     

我国土地复垦研究综述

通过文献查阅,具体分析我国土地破坏的主要形式,阐述了我国土地复垦的主要研究现状,总结我国土地复垦区域研究特点,以及目前我国土地复垦中存在的问题,并提出相应建议。     

森林资源变化遥感监测技术研究进展

森林资源的变化对于全球碳循环、气候变化、生物多样性和生态环境有重要影响.及时、准确地获取森林资源变化信息,对于森林经营科学决策与可持续发展具有重要意义.本文对森林资源变化遥感监测技术进行了系统总结与分析,指出了各类方法的优缺点和应用范围,对影响森林资源变化遥感监测结果的因素进行了讨论,并给出了结论和建议.     

轴压比对T形截面构件承载力的影响

采用数值积分法编制了对T形截面构件的正截面承载力分析程序,通过对同一种截面配筋形式的等肢T形截面构件,在不同轴压比下的Mx-My曲线进行了计算、分析,提出以下建议:对抗震等级为3级的异形柱框架结构,在轴压比小于0.03时,轴压比对T形截面构件正截面承载力的影响不大,可以按受弯构件计算。     

方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁外隔板节点三维非线性有限元研究

采用通用有限元软件Ansys8.0,对一种新型方钢管混凝土节点进行三维非线性有限元数值模拟和不同强度等级的填充混凝土对节点受力性能影响分析,并与大尺度模型实验结果进行对比.分析结果表明:填充混凝土强度对节点的水平承载力有较大影响,随着混凝土强度的提高,节点的水平承载力增加;节点区域应力分布均匀.考察了不同钢管混凝土柱轴压比对节点力学性能地影响.结果表明:梁端先出现塑性铰,柱的刚度远大于两梁的刚度;节点区域混凝土应力分布均匀,没有出现压溃现象.有限元分析结果与模型试验结果拟合较好,证明了新型节点的可行性和合理性,有一定的工程应用价值.     

Growth of the Sayram Lake and retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains from 1972 to 2011

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important constituents of water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding their variations is critical for both an accurate evaluation of the dynamic changes of water resources and the retrieval of climatic information. On the basis of earlier researches, this study investigated the growth of the Sayram Lake and the retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains using long-term sequenced remote sensing images. Our results show that over the past 40 years, the surface area and the water level of the lake has increased by 12.0±0.3 km2 and 2.8 m, respectively, and the area of its water-supplying glaciers has decreased continuously since the early 1970 s with a total reduction of about –2.13±0.03 km2. Our study has indicative significance to the research of regional climate change.     

基于赤池信息准则的冬小麦植株氮含量高光谱估算

为了快速、准确地测定冬小麦植株氮含量,利用2014?2015年的冬小麦冠层反射光谱数据构建了16种氮素或叶绿素敏感光谱指数,基于变量投影重要性(variable importance projection,VIP)-偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)-赤池信息准则(Akaike’s information criterion,AIC)整合模型构建了不同生育期植株氮含量最佳回归模型,并用2012?2013年挑旗期数据对模型进行了验证。结果表明:在AIC下,拔节期以4个植被指数为自变量的模型最优;挑旗期以5个植被指数为自变量的模型最优;开花期以4个植被指数为自变量的模型最优;灌浆期以6个植被指数为自变量的模型最优。4个生育期建模的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.71、0.86、0.75、0.46和0.23%、0.13%、0.12%、0.15%,以挑旗期决定系数为最大。挑旗期验证集的R2和RMSE分别为0.81和0.41%,预测模型和验证模型均具有较高的估算精度和可靠性,研究结果为选择小麦合适的生育期估算小麦植株氮营养状况提供参考。     

矿山复垦保证金测算方法综述及改进

为分析中国矿山复垦保证金测算方法存在的问题,提出科学合理的方法,以促进保证金制度的健康发展。该文对国内外的测算方法进行了总结及对比分析,结果表明:国际上的成功实践及理论界的研究均证实应依据复垦成本测算保证金,但实践中,中国各地测算方法不一,且测算出的数额往往低于复垦成本,影响了保证金制度的公平性和有效性;理论界测算复垦成本的方法可分为两类,即通过对"标准费用"的修正测算复垦成本及将复垦过程中发生的各种费用加总测算复垦成本,这2种方法均不能兼顾客观性、科学合理性及可操作性。应将各地保证金的测算依据统一为复垦成本;针对已有测算方法的不足,该文进而从导致矿山复垦成本发生差异的根本原因入手,提出了基于土地破坏主导因子的测算方法并构建了测算模型,为以复垦成本为依据统一全国的测算方法提供了理论支持。     

舟山本岛岩质边坡植被恢复植物多样性及群落演替

通过植被演替的时空互代,在舟山本岛选取具有代表性的不同恢复时期的矿山边坡作为研究样地,考察样地内植物物种构成特征,并根据样地内植物群落特征及不同恢复年限将其划分为4个不同的植物群落(草丛、草灌丛、灌丛、乔灌丛)演替阶段,对比分析不同演替阶段的植物多样性变化及植物群落的演替规律。结果表明:随着恢复年限的增加,多样性指数呈上升趋势,但均匀度指数则略呈下降趋势,植物群落演替总体呈良性发展趋势。岩质边坡植被恢复的研究为舟山地区或其它海岛生境条件下的岩质边坡植被重建过程中的植物配置及养护管理提供理论指导。