短时水分胁迫对水稻叶片光合作用的影响

为揭示水分胁迫下水稻叶片光合特性下降的生理原因,以水培的水稻幼苗为材料,测定30%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫150 min过程水稻叶片光合特性、荧光参数和光合机构关键酶活性的变化。结果表明:短时水分胁迫处理0~60 min气孔导度快速下降,胞间CO_2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和荧光参数均降低;60~120 min气孔导度缓慢下降,Ru BP羧化酶活性开始快速下降,胞间CO_2浓度开始上升,非光化学猝灭仍然是上升趋势,其它光合荧光参数持续降低。120 min后,非光化学猝灭出现下降趋势,Ru BP羧化酶活性和胞间CO_2浓度分别保持下降和上升趋势,其它光合荧光参数持续降低。短时胁迫处理结果暗示,光合作用0~60 min主要受气孔限制,60~120 min受气孔限制和非气孔限制共同作用,120 min后主要受非气孔限制。     

不同品种小麦粉的粉质特性对速冻熟制面条品质的影响

为研究不同品种小麦粉与速冻熟制面条质构特性之间的关系,选取30种小麦制粉,用FOSS定氮仪、快速黏度仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪等测定面粉品质指标,制作速冻熟制面条,用质构仪测定质构特性。采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对30种小麦面粉和速冻熟制面条的质构关系进行了分析。结果表明:不同品种小麦粉的湿面筋、糊化温度、弱化度、粉质质量指数与硬度呈极显著相关(P0.01);蛋白质、湿面筋、总淀粉含量、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度、粉质吸水率、粉质曲线稳定时间、面团形成时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力与剪切力呈极显著相关(P0.01);小麦粉的粉质特性,除衰减值、峰值时间和延伸度外,均与拉伸力呈极显著相关(P0.01)。根据方差贡献率提取出可以反映原变量84.023%信息的5个因子,因子1主要反映面粉的粉质拉伸特性,因子2反映小麦粉糊化特性,因子3反映蛋白质特性,因子4和因子5共同反映小麦粉的淀粉特性。这些性状在小麦粉的评价方面起着重要作用,在加工中要注重对它们的选择。聚类分析将30种小麦粉分为4类,结果表明,不能仅凭小麦粉的指标数据和质构数据来选择制作速冻熟制面条的原料,还需考虑到感官评价的影响。该结论可为小麦粉在速冻熟制面条加工应用方面提供一定的理论参考。     

阻断授粉诱导玉米叶片提前衰老的转录组分析

衰老发生在玉米生长发育的最后阶段, 叶片适时启动衰老对玉米最终产量的形成具有至关重要的作用。本研究以玉米自交系豫816为试材, 采用RNA-seq技术分析阻断授粉诱导玉米叶片提前衰老的分子机制。与正常授粉植株相比, 阻断授粉诱导条件下的植株在吐丝后27 d, 叶片全部变黄并枯萎。吐丝后24 d, 授粉植株与同期非授粉植株叶片间的叶绿素含量差异达到极显著水平。差异表达基因(DEG)分析结果显示, 吐丝后10 d的授粉处理组与同期非授粉处理组比较存在173个DEG; 吐丝后24 d的授粉处理组与同期非授粉处理组比较存在835个DEG。吐丝后24 d的授粉处理组与吐丝后10 d的授粉处理组比较存在1381个DEG; 吐丝后24 d的非授粉处理组与吐丝后10 d的非授粉处理组比较存在1591个DEG。GO功能富集分析发现, 吐丝后10 d, 授粉处理组和非授粉处理组间DEG的功能主要富集在刺激响应和代谢进程; 吐丝后24 d, 授粉处理与非授粉处理间DEG的功能主要富集在光合作用进程。Pathway富集分析结果显示, 吐丝后10 d, 授粉处理与非授粉处理间的DEG主要参与RNA降解、光合作用、木质素合成、转录调控、糖转运代谢路径; 吐丝后24 d, 授粉处理与非授粉处理间的DEG主要参与信号传导、激素代谢和光合作用路径。阻断授粉诱导处理使豫816植株体内碳水化合物代谢和光合作用受到影响, 造成玉米衰老反应的启动和衰老速率显著提前和加快。     

小麦锈菌蛋白激酶基因家族的鉴定与生物信息学分析

为深入分析锈菌结构基因组,阐明锈菌毒性变异的分子机制,本研究通过生物信息分析方法,对3种小麦锈菌蛋白激酶(protein kinases,PKs)超家族预测基因进行了系统分析,利用COG(clusters of orthologous groups of proteins)、KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)、GO(gene ontology)和PHI(pathogen-host interactions)数据库进行注释分析,并对小麦锈菌MAPK基因的蛋白质互作网络进行预测。结果表明,条锈菌Puccinia striiformis、叶锈菌P.triticina和秆锈菌P.graminis的PKs基因数量分别为221、159和159个,不同PKs基因家族类型在3种锈菌中的数量分布上表现出很高的保守性。注释分析表明,PKs家族预测功能涉及病原菌生长发育中的调控作用和病原菌-寄主互作机制,包括信号传导和致病因子等。PKs家族核心基因数目在蛋白激酶基因中占比大于1/3。MAPK基因的催化结构域序列呈现高度相似性。以STRING数据库的酿酒酵母蛋白质互作网络信息为参考,对小麦锈菌MAPK基因的蛋白质互作网络进行预测,共鉴定出25个互作关系,包含29个MAPK基因。研究表明这3种锈菌之间MAPK互作蛋白质分布不均衡,这可能反映了锈菌基因组进化的特殊复杂性。     

Dry matter,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source–sink relations

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) is being increasingly grown in many areas of the world, but there is a lack of information about the physiological processes limiting grain yield. In this study, different rates of N and P fertilization were applied and the source:sink ratio was manipulated to examine the factor(s) limiting grain filling under rainfed conditions. Plants exposed to four fertilization treatments (control, 80 kg N ha^?1 (N), 50 kg P ha^?1 (P) and 80 kg N ha^?1 and 50 kg P ha^?1 (N–P)) and were artificially modified to obtain a range of different source:sink ratios. The treatments were (I) control; (II) half of the spike was removed; (III) all the spike was removed. The cultivar Cosmodur was used, which is widely grown in Greece and other Mediterranean countries and is quite productive especially under rainfed conditions. The distribution of dry matter, N and P among grains, stems and leaves was analyzed at anthesis and harvesting. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning into different plant parts was different between the fertilization treatments and the control. At anthesis, leaf + culm dry matter was higher than the chaff dry matter. Total aboveground biomass increased after anthesis in both years and at all fertilization treatments. N fertilization affected N concentration at the whole plant level at anthesis and at maturity. There was an average increase of 20% in N concentration with N application at anthesis in both years relative to the control. N content was affected by the fertilization treatments and it was increased by 33% over the 2 years of the study compared with the control. In addition, P fertilization affected P concentration both at anthesis and maturity in every plant organ, and there was also a significant effect of the change of P concentration at the two different growth stages. P accumulation was also affected by the fertilization regime and by the spike halving treatment. Dry matter translocation was an average of 22% higher at the fertilized treatments compared with the control, which indicates that fertilization led plants to translocate higher amount of dry matter. N and P translocation were affected by the fertilization treatment and in some treatments by the sink reduction. The spike reduction treatment increased the pre-anthesis contribution to seed indicating that the N and P remobilization from vegetative tissues were very important for grain development. The present study indicates that N and P fertilization and sink size can affect dry matter, N, and P accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation of durum wheat which can affect seed yield.     

高温胁迫对不同热敏型玉米品种雌雄穗生理特性的影响

以郑单958(ZD958)和先玉335(XY335)为材料,模拟增温处理,探索玉米穗发育对高温逆境生理响应机制。结果表明,高温胁迫下,玉米雄穗、雌穗抗氧化生理在品种及处理间均有较大差异,雄穗细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈升-降-升的变化,ZD958雄穗上部小穗SOD活性低于下部小穗,XY335雄穗上部小穗SOD活性高于下部小穗。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在高温处理初期下降,而后持续升高;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在高温胁迫初期增加,而后下降甚至低于对照;丙二醛(MAD)含量均呈增加趋势。ZD958雄穗中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高,XY335雄穗中可溶性蛋白含量较高。XY335雌穗SOD、POD和CAT酶活性降低或显著降低,MDA含量较高;ZD958雌穗SOD、POD和CAT酶活性升高或显著升高,MDA含量较低。随高温胁迫持续,ZD958和XY335雌穗中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量均呈增加趋势,ZD958雌穗具有较高的可溶性糖含量、较高的花丝水势和p H值。     

14份引进美国玉米自交系的配合力分析及应用评价

为加快玉米育种机械化进程,筛选早熟、耐密、脱水快、宜机收玉米新种质至关重要,本研究以14份引进美国玉米自交系为材料,采用NCⅡ不完全双列杂交设计,对11个玉米主要性状的配合力及其群体遗传参数进行研究。结果表明：IRF315可提高组合的产量,IRF313-1、IRF313-2、B103等自交系能使组合株高穗位降低,PHG7、PHK76、PHW43、PHJ89、3IBI3、B103、PHJ40等自交系能使组合脱水速率加快,这些系可在生产上加以利用;IRF313-1×郑718、IRF315×郑58组合具有较强的杂种优势,有一定的增产潜力;在育种工作中,株高等4个性状宜进行早代选择,而穗粗等4个性状宜进行晚代选择。     

砂姜黑土有机质含量高光谱估测模型构建

为快速估测砂姜黑土有机质含量,该研究以河南省商水县砂姜黑土为对象,采用光谱指数和遗传算法结合支持向量机构建砂姜黑土有机质估测模型。结果表明,以Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑后的一阶导数光谱792和1 389 nm两波段组合构建的比值指数表现最好,建模集决定系数为0.81。利用独立的样本验证,预测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.91和1.56 g/kg。而相同样本经遗传算法筛选敏感波段结合支持向量机回归构建的模型以SG平滑的一阶导数光谱表现最好,建模集和验证集决定系数分别为0.95和0.91,均方根误差分别为1.01和1.69 g/kg。基于遗传算法结合支持向量机回归和光谱指数2种方法构建的有机质含量估测模型均表现出较高的精度,前者稍优于后者,可用于对砂姜黑土有机质含量的有效估测。该研究成果可为砂姜黑土有机质含量的快速定量估算提供依据和参考。