极端干旱区湖岸柽柳径向生长对水环境演变的响应

该文利用黑河下游内蒙古西居延海3道湖岸堤上的湖岸林柽柳树轮年表,研究了柽柳树轮生长对水环境演变的生态响应. 对3个年表进行的主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分的贡献率达到53.3％,它反映了3道湖岸堤上柽柳轮宽生长对同一环境因子的共同响应;第二主成分的贡献率达到30.7％,它反映了3道湖岸堤上柽柳轮宽生长对第一主成分以外因素的响应. 相关分析表明,第一主成分与生长季节（5—8月）湖泊水位波动呈显著正相关关系,第二主成分与区域年降水量呈显著正相关关系,与地下水位波动呈微弱负相关关系. 上述结果表明,在地下水位可以满足湖岸柽柳生长条件下,地下水位的变化对柽柳轮宽生长作用占绝对优势.反之,天然降水将对维持柽柳的基本生存具有重要的贡献. 柽柳径向生长的生态响应模式不仅体现在3道湖岸堤的空间尺度上,同样体现在同一样点年表在时间序列上的变化. 通过石羊河、黑河和塔里木河3个干旱区内陆河流域柽柳生态水位对比,认为非地带性植被——柽柳的最大生态水位差异是由于区域降水差异造成的.      

几种荒漠植物叶面积与叶干质量关系的研究

采用扫描图像与Photoshop图像处理软件结合的方法研究柽柳、柠条、红砂和珍珠的叶片投影面积与叶干质量之间的关系,结果表明：柽柳、柠条和红砂叶投影面积与叶干质量呈线性相关;红砂、柽柳、柠条在生长季单位叶面积所积累的叶干质量分别为（0．0840±0．0031）、（0．0610±0．0011）、（0．0366±0．0007）g/cm2,红砂和柽柳分别是柠条的2．30和1．67倍;珍珠的叶片是多浆汁叶,形状极不规则,不能利用日前的扫描仪计算出它的投影面积;柽柳在不同环境下生长时的叶片投影面积与叶干质量的关系均为线性相关且差异不显著,表明这种线形关系不受生长环境的影响。因此,可以用叶干质量代替叶面积来研究这些荒漠植物的光合作用特性。     

电阻法在喷灌土壤水分入渗再分布测定中的应用

土壤通常是导电的,其电阻率随其含水量的大小而变化,电阻式土壤水分动态测定仪就是基于这种原理进行测量的。通过土壤电阻率的突变可以判断土壤水分湿润锋到达的时间,不同深度的探头组合就可以分析得出土壤水分入渗速率,可以定量研究土壤水分的入渗过程。田间试验结果表明：喷灌土壤水分入渗时间和入渗深度之间的关系可以表示为对数形式。电阻法测定土壤水分入渗还需要进一步研究。     

西北干旱半干旱区生态系统碳循环研究进展

干旱半干旱区是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在陆地生态系统碳循环过程中起着非常重要的作用,了解该区目前碳循环研究现状对准确评估陆地生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。概述了碳循环的基本概念,归纳了影响干旱半干旱区碳循环的环境因素（辐射,温度,水分条件等）,并总结了目前该区域碳通量研究现状。指出目前干旱半干旱区生态系统碳循环研究仍存在诸多薄弱环节,最后提出今后重点研究的方向：(1)不同时空尺度生态系统碳循环研究;(2)碳源/汇的物理、化学以及生物过程的研究;(3)从整体和系统的角度来研究干旱半干旱区生态系统碳循环;(4)制定统一的野外监测与试验方法。     

Ni和Cu胁迫对骆驼蓬抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用温室盆栽法,研究Ni、Cu单一处理对金昌Ni/Cu尾矿库先锋植物骆驼蓬幼苗Ni、Cu积累、膜脂过氧化程度与抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬幼苗叶片及根部Ni、Cu含量随土壤介质中Ni、Cu含量的增加而增加,Ni主要富集在骆驼蓬的叶片,而Cu主要富集在骆驼蓬的根部;叶片及根部丙二醛(MDA)含量总体随Ni、Cu处理浓度升高而增加,膜脂过氧化程度加剧;Ni胁迫下,骆驼蓬叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性较对照均有所增强,共同组成植物体内一个有效的活性氧自由基(ROS)清除系统,根部SOD、APX和CAT活性受到抑制,POD和GR受诱导活性增强,在减轻Ni胁迫引起氧化损伤方面起重要作用;Cu胁迫下骆驼蓬叶片SOD、POD、CAT、APX及GR活性较对照均有所提高,减弱了Cu胁迫引起的氧化损伤;根部APX活性受抑制,SOD、POD、CAT及GR活性受诱导增强,在缓解Cu胁迫引起氧化损伤方面发挥重要作用。     

陇东耕地净第一性生产力及生态服务价值的时空分异研究

为促进甘肃陇东耕地生态系统和经济持续健康发展,该研究采用生产力和生态服务价值的估算方法,对研究区域耕地净第一性生产力(NPP)和生态服务功能的时空分异进行定量分析。结果表明,1997－2005年陇东黄土高原耕地的NPP和生态服务单位面积价值变化不明显,而总量略有上升。同时,耕地的NPP和生态服务单位面积价值在空间分布上有显著的区域差异性,该区域可分成NPP和生态服务价值相对较低的西北区和相对较高的东南区。在西北区,耕地生态服务单位面积价值为7.7万元/(hm²·a),NPP只有3.54 t/(hm²·a);在东南区,生态服务单位面积价值为10.2万元/(hm²·a),NPP为5.94 t/(hm²·a)。因此,要通过合理调整种植结构和作物布局,充分利用降水资源,以提高研究区耕地的NPP和生态服务价值。     

Inhibitory Effects of 1-MCP and DPA on Superficial Scald of Dangshansuli Pear

Dangshansuli pear is one of crisp pears and has a non-climacteric respiratory pattern.Dangshansuli pear fruits were treated with 1 000 or 2 000 μL L-1 diphenylamine (DPA) for 1 min,or with 0.5 μL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12 h before cold storage at (2±0.5)℃ for up to 210 d.Incidences of superficial scald and related physiological indexes were investigated during storage.The results showed that superficial scald occurred in control fruit with a rate of over 90％ after 210 d at cold storage plus 10 d at room temperature.Treatments with 1 000 and 2000 μL L-1 DPA and 0.5 μL L-1 1-MCP inhibited the accumulation of αt-farnesene,conjugated trienes,total phenolic contents,and malondialdehyde (MDA) during storage.The treatments also decreased leakage of cell membrane and the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the peel.These results indicate that I-MCP and DPA treatments inhibit and postpone the occurrence of superficial scald of Dangshansuli pears remarkably in cold storage and post-storage shelf life,respectively,while the mechanisms were different.The results above may provide a theoretical evidence for the agriculture production.     

基于BP神经网络的粮食产量预测模型

提高我国粮食产量的预测精度与效率是人们关注的一个重要问题.BP模型是目前最为广泛应用的神经网络模型之一,它是一种简单又非常有效的算法.将BP神经网络模型应用到粮食产量预测中,并建立了粮食产量的神经网络预测模型,结果表明BP神经网络应用于粮食产量预测是可行的.     

Impact of Desalination on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Lanzhou Loess

Soluble salt in soil has a significant influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. We performed desalination experiments on Lanzhou loess, a typical sulfate saline soil, to study the effects of salt on the physical and mechanical properties of the loess and compare variations in the soil properties after desalination. The Atterberg limits of the soil increased after desalination as a result of changes in the soil particle composition and grain refinement. The shear and uniaxial compressive strength of the soil increased as a result of decreased calcitic cementation and other changes to the soil structure. Scanning electron microstructure (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) procedures revealed changes to the microstructure and pore-size distribution of the Lanzhou loess after desalination.     

Comparison of leaf stomatal conductance models for typical desert riparian phreatophytes in northwestern China

Stomatal regulation plays a vital role related to plant functioning, especially with a limited water supply. Estimating the leaf stomatal conductance (g _s) is pivotal for further estimation of transpiration as well as energy and mass balances between air and plant in arid regions. Based on successive measurements of leaf gas exchange of two typical desert riparian phreatophytes, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., and Populus euphratica Oliv., we estimated g _s using the empirical, optimal, and mechanistic models. Measurements were conducted on T. ramosissima during the growing seasons in 2011 and 2012 and P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014. Estimated values were compared with those measured by the portable open-path gas exchange measurement system. Results indicated that Ye’s mechanistic model always performed best among all the g _s models tested here with R ² values of 0.878 and 0.723 for T. ramosissima in 2011 and 2012, and 0.625 and 0.867 for P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Meanwhile, Medlyn’s optimal model exhibited the least reliable performance with R ² at values of 0.514 and 0.398 for T. ramosissima in 2011 and 2012, and 0.385 and 0.101 for P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Empirical models may not be suitable for application in novel situations because they have been developed from experimental observations rather than from any mechanistic understanding or theory of stomatal behavior. Consequently, the application of Ye’s mechanistic model will be of great significance for the modeling and up-scaling of g _s in extremely arid regions in the future.