锡林郭勒盟北五旗近5年沙漠化过程及成因分析

本文在收集前人研究成果和野外调查的基础上,运用RS和GIS技术,以2000和2005年具有相同时相(秋季)的两期TM影像为信息源,对锡林郭勒盟北部五个旗、市地区的沙漠化土地进行了动态监测和分析。研究结果表明:近5a来研究区土地沙漠化总体呈上升扩展的趋势,5a来沙漠化土地面积增加了1366.057km2,其中轻度、中度、重度沙漠化土地面积分别增加:239.806 km2、1025.393 km2、850.396 km2,与此相反严重沙漠化土地面积减少了749.539 km2;地表疏松的沙物质,为土地沙漠化发展提供了丰富的物质基础,不合理的人类活动加速了沙漠化的发展。     

沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例

运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6～8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8～10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m.     

黑河分水对中下游水环境的影响

黑河流域水资源紧缺,区域生态环境十分脆弱。分析表明分水对中游会产生一定的负效应:分水引起地表水与地下水转化减弱,同时对地下水的开采有增加的趁势,叠加作用的结果使得中游地区水环境恶化,地下水位下降1.3~2.7 m,地下水储量减少约8.2×108m3,给中游绿洲植物的生长带来潜在威胁;而对下游有一定的正效应,增加了下游的入境水量,下游的河岸地下水位抬升幅度在横向上0.4~0.6 m,纵向上0.3~3.1 m,有效地改善了下游的水环境,从而使下游的生态环境的恶化得到一定程度的遏制,植被覆盖明显增加。但对黑河中、下游水质变化监测还需要进一步加强。     

西藏日喀则地区草地资源现状及其可持续利用探讨

以西藏日喀则地区草地资源现状为基础，综合分析了其可持续利用的三大影响因子，提出了该区实现草地中持续利用的途径与对策。     

Quality of soluble organic C,N, and P produced by different types and species of litter: Root litter versus leaf litter

In forested ecosystems, the quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced by freshly senesced litter may differ by litter type and species, and these differences may influence the amount of DOM that is respired versus that which may either contribute to soil organic matter accumulation or be leached from the ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effect of litter type (including freshly senesced fine root, leaf, fine woody, and reproductive litter) and species (5 species of leaf litter) on several measures of the quality of DOM produced at a site along a primary successional chronosequence at Mt. Shasta, California. We measured differences in solid litter chemistry (C, N, and P concentration) and differences in the concentration of dissolved organic C, N, and P (DOC, DON, and DOP, respectively), water-soluble monomeric carbohydrates, polyphenols, proteins, fractions of DOC, as well as UV absorbance. For several aspects of DOC quality, DOM from fine roots was less labile than DOM from leaf litter. In contrast to DOC quality, soluble material originating from fine roots was high in labile forms of dissolved N and P in comparison to leaf litter. We also found that leaf litter with greater total %N or %P in solid litter had higher DON or DOP concentration (and higher total soluble P concentration). A very high percentage, on average 72% (up to 89%) of the total P in leaf litter was water-soluble and mostly inorganic P. Concentrations of soluble polyphenols were strongly related to DOC, and concentrations of soluble proteins were significantly related to DON in leaf litter of different species. During primary succession at the Mt. Shasta site, an increasing ratio of root to leaf litter production and shifting species composition has been found to occur, and the results of this study suggest that some aspects of DOC quality reflect a decrease in labile forms of DOC originating from both above and belowground litter. In contrast, dissolved N and P reflect an increase in labile forms with increasing inputs of root litter. In particular, our study has demonstrated important differences in the quality of inputs of DOM from freshly senesced root and leaf litter, and these differences have implications for C and nutrient cycling.     

Genetic variation in the ovine uncoupling protein 1 gene: association with carcass traits in New Zealand (NZ) Romney sheep,but no association with growth traits in either NZ Romney or NZ Suffolk sheep

The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) plays an important role in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissues. Genetic variation within three regions (the promoter, intron 2 and exon 5) of the ovine UCP1 gene (UCP1) was investigated using polymerase chain reaction‐single‐strand conformational polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) analyses. These revealed three promoter variants (designated A, B and C) and two intron 2 variants (a and b). The association of this genetic variation with variation in lamb carcass traits and postweaning growth was investigated in New Zealand (NZ) Romney and Suffolk sheep. The presence of B in a lamb's genotype was associated with decreased subcutaneous carcass fat depth (V‐GR) (p = 0.004) and proportion of total lean meat yield of loin meat (p = 0.005), and an increased proportion of total lean meat yield of hind‐leg meat (p = 0.018). In contrast, having two copies of C was associated with increased V‐GR (p < 0.001) and proportion of total lean meat yield of shoulder meat (p = 0.009), and a decreased hind‐leg yield (p = 0.032). No associations were found with postweaning growth. These results suggest that ovine UCP1 is a potential gene marker for carcass traits.     

On the vulnerability of oasis forest to changing environmental conditions: perspectives from tree rings

In water-limited regions, oases are important localities for maintaining ecological biodiversity and supporting social and economic development. For oases situated by the side of rivers, variability of streamflow is often considered as a dominant factor influencing the vulnerability of oases forest, whereas other factors receive much less attention. Here we argue that ecological and hydrological processes creating spatial habitat heterogeneity and particularly the change of habitat structure through time are critical aspects when assessing vulnerability of oasis forest. This is demonstrated by dendroecological studies of a dynamic landscape in Ejina Oasis in the lower reach of Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China. Our results show that radial growth of euphrates poplar trees in Ejina Oasis did not follow the variation of streamflow coming from the middle reach, and the poplar tree-ring growth did not change in the same way from one site to the other. An index of multi-directional change (MDCi) is defined from tree-ring data to describe the change in spatial habitats through time. We propose that the decreasing trend of MDCi indices since the 1950s is related to persistently increasing human activities, whereas high-frequency variability in MDCi indices is related to frequent and strong local disturbances such as windstorms as well as human activities that directly cause changes in streamflow. The results obtained from this study have potentially broad implications for identifying dryland ecosystems that are at risk or susceptible to change, and for making spatially explicit decisions for rational utilization of water resources.     

Using the concept of ecological groundwater level to evaluate shallow groundwater resources in hyperarid desert regions

This paper,based on the analysis and calculation of the groundwater resources in an arid region from 1980 to 2001,put forward the concept of ecological groundwater level threshold for either salinity c...     

Characterization and genetic mapping of eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), a cutin deficient barley mutant with impaired leaf water retention capacity

The cuticle covers the aerial parts of land plants, where it serves many important functions, including water retention. Here, a recessive cuticle mutant, eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), of Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) showed abnormally glossy spikes, sheaths, and leaves. The cer-ym mutant plant detached from its root system was hypersensitive to desiccation treatment compared with wild type plants, and detached leaves of mutant lost 41.8% of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration under laboratory conditions, while that of the wild type plants lost only 7.1%. Stomata function was not affected by the mutation, but the mutant leaves showed increased cuticular permeability to water, suggesting a defective leaf cuticle, which was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. The mutant leaves showed a substantial reduction in the amounts of the major cutin monomers and a slight increase in the main wax component, suggesting that the enhanced cuticle permeability was a consequence of cutin deficiency. cer-ym was mapped within a 0.8 cM interval between EST marker {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AK370363","term_id":"326489160","term_text":"AK370363"}}AK370363 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AK251484","term_id":"151420132","term_text":"AK251484"}}AK251484, a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H. The results indicate that the desiccation sensitivity of cer-ym is caused by a defect in leaf cutin, and that cer-ym is located in a chromosome 4H pericentromeric region.     

典型生态系统定位观测样地的土壤性状空间变异性评价

用经典统计分析和地统计学的方法，对中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）临泽站新设置的农田生态系统综合观测场土壤性状的空间分布特性进行研究。结果表明，除pH外，土壤有机碳、全N、速效养分和电导率的变异性均超过20％，有机碳和全N的空间相关距离为13．8m和12．6m，表现出较高的空间异质性。克里格插值结果同样显示土壤各性状在研究的尺度上有明显的空间变异格局。相对误差为10％时采集124个土样才可达到95％的置信水平。作为生态网络长期监测样地，必须按空间异质性对观测场地进行采样分区、匀地过渡，结合克里格插值得出的土壤性状空间分布图，确定更为理想的取样方案。