Comparative study of the forest transition pathways of nine Asia-Pacific countries

Forest transition (FT) over the last three decades has attracted much academic attention. In this paper we present a comparative study of FT to assess regional variety in nine countries in Asia: China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Laos and Vietnam, using data covering the years 1960–2010. This study's examination of changes in forest area demonstrates that Korea and Japan achieved FT before the 1980s, and that China, Vietnam, India and the Philippines achieved FT more recently, while Indonesia, Malaysia and Laos still experience forest cover decline. Economic development pathway and state forest policy pathway are most common in these nine countries. The globalization pathway is also found to contribute to FT, primarily in countries that are net importers of forest products. The land use intensification pathway is not identified in any of the nine countries. This study also observed that four countries (China, Vietnam, India and the Philippines) tend to achieve FT at relatively low income levels, which may point to the significance of state intervention in the region's countries via forest protection laws, national forest planning and afforestation programs.     

文心兰HSP70基因的克隆及表达分析

为研究文心兰热激蛋白70基因（命名为OnHSP70）的分子特性及表达特点,以文心兰‘柠檬绿’（Oncidium hybridum ‘Honey Angel’）为材料,采用RT-PCR技术克隆OnHSP70,利用生物信息学方法分析其分子特性,通过qRT-PCR技术分析其在不同组织及不同非生物胁迫处理下的表达特点。生物信息学分析表明：该基因开放阅读框为1944 bp,编码647个氨基酸,翻译的蛋白为稳定蛋白,属于HSP70超家族,其蛋白二级结构由41.11%的α-螺旋、17.77%的延伸链、7.73%的β-转角和33.38%的无规卷曲组成,具有2个高度保守的功能域。聚类分析表明：该蛋白与铁皮石斛和深圳拟兰的HSP70亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR分析表明：文心兰HSP70在4种不同组织器官中具有表达差异性,在花中的表达量最高;高温处理后基因的表达量明显上升;40 ℃高温胁迫4 h时表达量达峰值;茉莉酸甲酯及水杨酸处理时表达量呈现下调响应。本研究为后期该基因功能研究及提高文心兰对高温的适应性提供理论基础。     

炭化条件对竹原纤维炭孔隙结构的影响分析

为研究炭化竹原纤维的特性,进一步提升竹原纤维的使用性能,拓宽竹原纤维的应用领域,采用可控电炉制备了不同炭化温度和不同保温时间条件下的炭化竹原纤维,利用全自动比表面积及孔隙度分析仪测试了炭化竹原纤维的比表面积、比孔容及平均孔径,探讨了炭化条件对其性能的影响。结果表明：随炭化温度的升高和保温时间的延长,炭化竹原纤维的比表面积、比孔容和孔径分布先增大后减小,在较优的工艺条件下,炭化竹原纤维的比表面积和比孔容最大值分别可达819.35m2/g和0.7358cm3/g,平均孔径最小可达2.0836nm。     

福建产业发展现状及前景

(Prunus salicina Lindli.var cordata J.Y.Zhang et al.)属蔷薇科(Rosaceae),李属(Prunus),是原产福建的名、特、优水果之一,果桃形李实,酸甜适度,风味极佳,是南方的1种重要落叶果树。本文分析了福建省产业发展现状趋势,包括各市种植区域、面积和产量等,阐述了产业发展的具体优势,明确了福建省生产现状,为福建省今后发展种植提供参考价值。     

葡萄‘小白玫瑰’及其突变品种‘小红玫瑰’果皮颜色变异机理分析

‘小红玫瑰’葡萄是源自于‘小白玫瑰’的突变品种,二者都是优良的酿酒葡萄品种,但其果实颜色变异的分子机理尚不清楚。用12对SSR(Simple sequence repeats)荧光标记特征引物对两品种进行分析,结果表明这些位点在二者之间无差别。对色泽变异决定基因Vvmyb A1的基因型进行分析,‘小白玫瑰’仅检测到含有插入逆转座子Gret1(grapevine retrotransposon 1)的VvmybA1a,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1a纯合体;而‘小红玫瑰’检测到了Vvmyb A1a和残留Gret1 3′-LTR(long terminal repeat)的VvmybA1b,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1b的杂合体。花色苷合成相关基因的表达分析表明,VvmybA1、UFGT、F3′5′H、CHS、GST和OMT在‘小红玫瑰’及有色对照品种‘黑比诺’中大量表达,而在‘小白玫瑰’和无色对照品种‘白比诺’中几乎不表达。通过HPLC–ESI–MS/MS对花色苷主要成分进行测定,结果表明矢车菊素3–O–葡萄糖苷(CyG)、矢车菊素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Cy2G)、飞燕草素3–O–葡萄糖苷(DpG)、锦葵色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(MvG)、芍药色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PnG)和矮牵牛色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PtG)等6种花色苷在有色品种‘小红玫瑰’和‘黑比诺’果皮中的含量均显著高于无色品种,花葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷(Pg G)、花葵素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Pg2G)在有色/无色品种间无显著差异,且含量很低。说明‘小红玫瑰’的着色是由于转录因子基因Vvmyb A1及其调控结构基因的表达引起的,而无功能的VvmybA1a等位基因突变为有功能的VvmybA1b等位基因是其果皮颜色变异的遗传学原因。     

Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China

Excessive application of N fertilizer in pursuit of higher yields is common due to poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. However, this practice causes serious soil depletion and N loss in the traditional wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Growing summer legumes as the green manure (GM) crop is a viable solution because of its unique ability to fix atmospheric N₂. Actually, little is known about the contribution of GM N to grain and N utilization in the subsequent crop. Therefore, we conducted a four-year field experiment with four winter wheat-based rotations (summer fallow-wheat, Huai bean–wheat, soybean–wheat, and mung bean–wheat) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates applied to wheat (0, 108, 135, and 162 kg N/ha) to investigate the fate of GM nitrogen via decomposition, utilization by wheat, and contribution to grain production and nitrogen economy through GM legumes. Here we showed that GM legumes accumulated 53–76 kg N/ha per year. After decomposing for approximately one year, more than 32 kg N/ha was released from GM legumes. The amount of nitrogen released via GM decomposition that was subsequently utilized by wheat was 7–27 kg N/ha. Incorporation of GM legumes effectively replaced 13–48% (average 31%) of the applied mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, the GM approach during the fallow period reduced the risk of nitrate-N leaching to depths of 0–100 cm and 100–200 cm by 4.8 and 19.6 kg N/ha, respectively. The soil nitrogen pool was effectively improved by incorporation of GM legumes at the times of wheat sowing. Cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow to maintain the soil nitrogen pool, and decrease the rates required for N fertilization not only in the Loess Plateau of China but also in other similar dryland regions worldwide.     

Comparative analysis on the communication strategies of the forest owners' associations in Europe

This research reports a comparative analysis of the communication strategy that forest owners' associations across Europe use to influence society on one side and the decision-makers on the other, in order to fulfill forest owners' interests. 60% of Europe's forests are privately owned by an estimated number of 16 million forest owners, who are represented by forest owners' associations. One of its main functions is to influence the public perceptions on forests and forestry. In this article it is analyzed how a specific forestry stakeholder fixes its strategies to communicate with and lobby society in order to get acceptability for their proposals/demands. Open-end surveys have been used as a source of information in 2006 and repeated in 2012. Besides of the comparison among countries, a comparison along the time has been also performed. The whole communication frame is analyzed, considering the objectives, the structure, the messages, the channels, and the evaluation. The main conclusions that arise are: first, the temporary comparison (2006–2012) results into an improvement in several issues; second, there is room for improvement of professionalization of communication in forest owners' associations in Europe; third, social research into public perception of forestry might help to define communication strategies.     

作物中4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶的遗传进化分析

4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)是苯丙烷类代谢途径的关键酶。2014年着重以水稻、大豆、玉米为研究对象,通过收集4CL基因完整的c DNA和编码氨基酸序列的数据,利用Mobyle、EMB0SS、DNAMAN以及MEGA5.0和Clustalx 1.83等生物信息学软件对数据进行分析比较,从而对4 CL基因的遗传进化及密码子使用进行分析总结。本研究构建了4CL的系统发生树,研究基因的密码子偏好性,比对分析酶的保守区,为进一步研究4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶在农作物中的应用提供理论支持,为研究其次级代谢产物木质素及黄酮类物质的合成、积累和调控奠定基础。     

贺兰山主要森林类型土壤和根系有机碳研究

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,其形成常和植被、气候等环境要素相关。为了解贺兰山地区土壤有机碳状况,2011年对贺兰山东麓青海云杉(Picea crassfolia)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens)林下土壤和根系取样,测定了各自的有机碳含量。结果表明:青海云杉、油松和灰榆林林下土壤平均有机碳含量分别为34.12g/kg、17.83g/kg和15.32g/kg,林下根系有机碳密度分别为869.12g/m2、532.17g/m2和242.68g/m2,林下土体(土壤和根系)有机碳密度分别为17.58kg/m2、9.55kg/m2和4.00kg/m2;林下根系有机碳占林下土体有机碳的比重为4.94%～6.0%。贺兰山青海云杉林下土壤碳储量高于全国森林土壤碳储量平均水平,油松林下碳储量略低于全国森林土壤碳储量平均水平,灰榆林碳储量仅为全国森林土壤碳储量平均水平的36.7%。青海云杉和油松林利于土壤有机碳累积,其林下土壤是贺兰山地区重要的有机碳库。     

Shifts in microbial diversity through land use intensity as drivers of carbon mineralization in soil

Land use practices alter the biomass and structure of soil microbial communities. However, the impact of land management intensity on soil microbial diversity (i.e. richness and evenness) and consequences for functioning is still poorly understood. Here, we addressed this question by coupling molecular characterization of microbial diversity with measurements of carbon (C) mineralization in soils obtained from three locations across Europe, each representing a gradient of land management intensity under different soil and environmental conditions. Bacterial and fungal diversity were characterized by high throughput sequencing of ribosomal genes. Carbon cycling activities (i.e., mineralization of autochthonous soil organic matter, mineralization of allochthonous plant residues) were measured by quantifying ¹²C- and ¹³C-CO₂ release after soils had been amended, or not, with ¹³C-labelled wheat residues. Variation partitioning analysis was used to rank biological and physicochemical soil parameters according to their relative contribution to these activities. Across all three locations, microbial diversity was greatest at intermediate levels of land use intensity, indicating that optimal management of soil microbial diversity might not be achieved under the least intensive agriculture. Microbial richness was the best predictor of the C-cycling activities, with bacterial and fungal richness explaining 32.2 and 17% of the intensity of autochthonous soil organic matter mineralization; and fungal richness explaining 77% of the intensity of wheat residues mineralization. Altogether, our results provide evidence that there is scope for improvement in soil management to enhance microbial biodiversity and optimize C transformations mediated by microbial communities in soil.