肉牛引进过程的操作技术规范

肉牛购进过程中存在的实际问题,可能给养牛企业和养牛户造成极大的损失。本文分别从购进牛只的选购目标、健康状况、饲养方式及疫病监测方面提出具体措施;新购牛在当地先需要一个隔离稳定观察期,并做好运输前各项准备工作;提出在运输环节中,对人员、车辆、消毒、草料及饮水准备,饲喂细节、抗应激处理、装车密度、运输过程中的注意事项等;运到后圈舍消毒、隔离观察、饲喂和饮水的过渡方法,强化免疫接种,等待牛群稳定后才可进入繁育或者育肥环节。     

Tillage and crop straw methods affect energy use efficiency,economics and greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed winter wheat field of Loess Plateau in China

Data from a field experiment conducted in China's Loess Plateau (2013–2015) were used to determine the energy balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by tillage and straw treatments. Tillage treatments included chisel plow, no tillage, and mouldboard plow. Crop straw levels included straw returning and straw removed. The energy balance was evaluated by comparing the following parameters: net energy, energy profitability, energy use efficiency, and energy intensity. The yield parameters were significantly influenced by the tillage treatments and revealed that the chisel plow entailed fewer field operations and lower energy requirements with a higher yield than mouldboard plowing tillage. The highest proportion of energy input came from a nitrogen fertiliser, followed by diesel fuel. The total energy input applied per hectare increased with an increase in the tillage intensity, and the lowest energy input was required for the no tillage case with the straw returning treatment, and the highest for the case of mouldboard plow with the straw returning treatment. The lowest average energy intensity was recorded for the no tillage case, followed by the case of chisel plow tillage in both cropping seasons. Moreover, in the case of mouldboard plough tillage, the maximum energy intensity was recorded in both cropping seasons. In the cases of the chisel plow tillage and the no tillage, we observed the maximum energy gain, while in the no tillage case, we observed the maximum energy use efficiency. The net return and the benefit/cost ratio were higher in the case of straw returning than those in the case of no straw treatment. We concluded that no tillage and chisel plow tillage with straw returning could improve the energy use efficiency and the benefit/cost ratio of winter wheat production systems.     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原土壤理化性质及草地健康的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地土壤理化性质的影响,对草地科学利用和草地生态保护具有重要意义。以宁夏面积最大的荒漠草原为研究对象,通过放牧试验,研究围封禁牧、连续放牧、二区、四区和六区轮牧对0—40cm土壤理化性质的影响,并运用模糊评判法对草地健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)六区和四区轮牧土壤粉粒含量和含水率较高;轮牧方式对土壤容重和孔隙度影响较小;四区和六区轮牧有利于土壤物理结皮、地衣—藻类结皮维持。(2)连续放牧的土壤有机质含量最低,全氮含量以禁牧最低;速效氮含量在四区轮牧最高,六区轮牧下速效磷钾含量最高。(3)土壤性状间存在一定的相关性,但草地植物生物量与多数土壤性状相关性不明显。(4)六区轮牧的健康指数最高,连续放牧的健康指数最低。研究认为,研究区草原以六区轮牧为宜。     

新开垦土壤上构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮模式

为了在新开垦土壤上构建高效种植模式,本文采用温室盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,选用4种根瘤菌接种方式(保水剂拌种、清水拌种、三叶期灌根和种子丸衣化)接种4种不同蚕豆根瘤菌(NM353、CCBAU、G254和QH258),分析接菌后新开垦土壤上玉米/蚕豆间作体系的生产潜力、地上部氮素吸收和结瘤特性以及生物固氮等方面的优势,拟为该体系筛选出高效的根瘤菌及其接种技术。结果表明:接种NM353后,玉米/蚕豆间作体系中蚕豆籽粒产量比单作平均增加152.84%,而玉米保持相对稳产;以保水剂拌种的方式接种NM353的间作蚕豆地上部氮素积累量最高,蚕豆结瘤数、瘤重、固氮比例和固氮量均高于本试验中其他3种方式接种的根瘤菌。在盛花期和盛花鼓粒期,接种NM353蚕豆的固氮比例比接种CCBAU的分别高19.1%和11.1%,在各个生育时期两者固氮量之间差异均达显著水平;接种NM353与接种其他菌种间固氮量和固氮比例差异更显著。因此,在新开垦土壤上,用保水剂拌种的方式对间作蚕豆接种NM353根瘤菌,构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮体系,为新开垦土壤合理开发利用的可持续发展模式。     

不同基因型玉米杂交种大喇叭口期的耐盐性

以25个不同基因型玉米品种为试验材料,在宁夏银北盐碱地(土壤含盐量为2.337~6.935 g·kg~(-1)),通过测定不同品种大喇叭口期的表型性状和生理生化指标进行耐盐性鉴定,并利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数法对不同基因型玉米品种的耐盐性强弱进行综合评价。结果表明:随着盐胁迫程度的增加,不同玉米品种的株高、茎粗、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)均明显降低;轻度胁迫(土壤含盐量为2.337 g·kg~(-1))时,株高、茎粗、SPAD三者之间均呈极显著正相关;严重胁迫(土壤含盐量为6.935 g·kg~(-1))时,茎粗、SPAD值、冠层温度三者之间均呈显著正相关,冠层温度与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)呈显著负相关,膜透性与SOD呈极显著正相关,其它各农艺性状与生理指标间均没有达到显著相关。不同基因型玉米品种的耐盐碱能力根据综合评价值(D值)大小来评价,将耐盐碱性分为四级:宁3-2/1528、A3高/1519为A类的玉米材料,其D值0.8,代表强耐盐性的品种;B类的玉米材料有6份,其0.6D值0.8,代表较耐盐性的品种;C类的玉米材料有12份,其由0.4D值0.6,代表弱耐盐性的品种;D类的玉米材料有5份,分别为H242/1522、北21/1522、A18/1506、A49/1528、TY1,其D值0.4,代表盐敏感性品种。     

宁夏南部山区冬小麦抗旱指标鉴定研究

为了更快速有效地利用现有资源,选育适宜宁南山区旱地种植的冬小麦新品种,本试验通过抗旱系数、主成分分析、相关分析及聚类分析等方法对8个品种12个性状进行研究。结果表明:8个品种根据抗旱系数不同,可分为抗旱性强、中、弱3个等级;12个性状的主要信息主要集中在4个主成分中,累积贡献率达93.40%,这4个主成分因子主要反映产量、抗旱系数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、单株粒重、株高、不实小穗数、颖花结实率9个性状。产量、穗下节长和株高与抗旱系数间为显著或极显著正相关。通过聚类分析将8个品种聚为3类,第一类包含3个品种,分别是Z0217-3,Z0231-3和对照中引6号,这三个品种的产量、抗旱系数、穗下节长、千粒重及株高等主要指标在第三类和第二类之间,但穗长、穗粒数及单株粒重在三类中平均值最低。第二类包含2个品种,分别是98-5808-1和Z0228-2-1,这两个品种的穗粒数、单株粒重和不实小穗数三个指标平均值最高,但产量、抗旱系数、穗下节长、千粒重等指标平均值最低。第三类包含3个品种,分别是Z0349-4,08AWS089和晋太0509,这三个品种平均产量高,抗旱系数高,平均穗长最大,平均穗下节长最长,平均结实小穗数最多,千粒重最大、株高最高。     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

饲喂大麦对大河乌猪干腌火腿理化特性及脂肪酸组成的影响

【目的】研究大麦饲喂对大河乌猪干腌火腿理化特性和脂肪酸组成的作用,为大河乌猪养殖管理和肉制品加工提供基础数据。【方法】以“长白猪×大河乌猪”二元杂交的仔猪为研究对象,采用大麦饲喂（玉米饲喂为对照）到100 kg（180日龄）、130 kg（210日龄）、160 kg（250日龄）后,选用其后腿肉为原料,按照传统工艺二次撒盐加工成干腌火腿,食盐添加量为原料肉重的8%,取含有半膜肌、半腱肌、股二头肌的肉块,绞碎后测定食盐、蛋白质、水分、肌内脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成、蛋白质氧化、脂肪氧化水平的差异。【结果】与饲喂玉米相比,从100-160 kg,大麦型日粮组的大河乌猪干腌火腿脂肪含量降低了2%-4%,蛋白质含量提高了2%-4%,蛋白质和脂肪氧化程度减小;大河乌猪体重达到160 kg时,干腌火腿的食盐含量降低了1.03%,水分含量增加了4.52%;单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）含量最高的是130 kg体重组中饲喂大麦组,饱和脂肪酸（SFA）含量最高的是160 kg体重组中饲喂玉米组,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量最高的是130 kg组的饲喂大麦组。饲喂大麦会显著降低100 kg、130 kg组大河乌猪干腌火腿中棕榈酸（C16:0）含量（P＜0.05）,显著降低130 kg、160 kg组的硬脂酸（C18:0）含量（P＜0.05）。与饲喂玉米型日粮组相比,大麦型日粮组的大河乌猪干腌火腿中PUFA含量以及多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比例（PUFA/SFA）显著增加（P＜0.05）。随着大河乌猪体重的变化,干腌火腿中羰基含量先升高再趋于稳定。大麦型日粮组中大河乌猪干腌火腿的羰基含量均显著低于玉米型日粮组（P＜0.05）。在大麦型日粮组中,大河乌猪体重对干腌火腿中TBRAS值没有显著影响（P＞0.05）。在玉米型日粮组中,130 kg 体重组的TBARS值显著低于100 kg、160 kg体重组中的TBARS值。饲喂大麦的大河乌猪体重达到160 kg时干腌火腿的品质最佳,其食盐含量、水分含量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和PUFA含量分别为7.96%、48.38%、34.64%、8.52%和12.18%,PUFA/SFA和n-6/n-3的比率分别为0.31和30.25,羰基含量和TBARS值分别为0.62 nmol·mg^-1蛋白质和2.14 mg·kg^-1。【结论】饲喂大麦增加大河乌猪干腌火腿的蛋白质和多不饱和脂肪酸含量,增强其氧化稳定性。     

Intercropping maize and wheat with conservation agriculture principles improves water harvesting and reduces carbon emissions in dry areas

In arid and populated areas or countries, water shortage and heavy carbon emissions are threatening agricultural sustainability with food security severely, and becoming a major issue. It is unclear whether improved farming systems can be developed to tackle those issues through a sustainable agriculture. Here three farming practices that have proven to be essential and successful, which were: (a) crop intensification through strip intercropping, (b) water harvesting through conservation tillage; and (c) carbon sequestration through improved crop residue management options, were integrated in one cropping system. We hypothesize that the integrated system allows the increase of crop yields with improved water use efficiency, while reducing carbon emissions from farming. The hypothesis was tested in field experiments at Hexi Corridor (37°96′N, 102°64′E) in northwest China. We found that the integrated system increased soil moisture (mm) by 7.4% before sowing, 10.3% during the wheat–maize co-growth period, 8.3% after wheat harvest, and 9.2% after maize harvest, compared to the conventional sole cropping systems. The wheat/maize intercrops increased net primary production by 68% and net ecosystem production by 72%; and when combined with straw mulching on the soil surface, it decreased carbon emissions by 16%, compared to the monoculture maize without mulch. The wheat/maize intercrops used more water but increased grain yields by 142% over the monoculture wheat and by 23% over the monoculture maize, thus, enhancing water use efficiency by an average of 26%. We conclude that integrating strip intercropping, conservation tillage as well as straw mulching in one cropping system can significantly boost crop yields, improve the use efficiency of the limited water resources in arid areas, while, lowering the carbon emissions from farming. The integrated system may be considered in the development of strategies for alleviating food security issues currently experienced in the environment-damaged and water-shortage areas.     

压砂年限对土壤质量的影响研究

以宁夏海原县关桥乡罗山村的绵砂压砂地为对象,邻近未压砂地农田为对照,研究压砂1a,3a,5a,7a,10a后土壤机械组成,理化性质及酶活性的变化。结果表明:压砂地与对照相比土壤水分含量高、全盐含量低;随着压砂年限的增加土壤质地粗化、容重明显增加,毛管孔隙度、持水量降低;土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾均呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶的活性也逐年降低。连作3a表现出明显的连作障碍,压砂10a土壤质量状况较差。说明压砂对土壤的影响是双向的。