4种种植体系的水肥利用状况和经济效益比较

为了筛选适宜曲周县后老营村农业生产的较优种植体系并设计更好的种植体系,采用随机抽样调查的方法,对该村主要作物的种植体系及其水肥资源利用状况和经济效益进行了详细调查。结果表明:棉花-西瓜套作体系的水肥资源利用率最高,小麦-西瓜-玉米间套作体系的经济效益最好,棉花-西瓜套作体系次之,二者差异不显著。未来可以基于这2种种植体系重新设计新的种植体系,从而在生态、经济、环境等方面取得较好的综合效益。     

设施葡萄智能化水肥管理体系研究

当前设施葡萄栽培中水肥盲目投入问题严重,因为缺乏灌溉决策标准导致农户实际生产中难以合理应用水肥一体化技术.利用基于NB-IoT网络传输的固态电阻传感器设备对设施葡萄根系土壤水分进行实时监测,建立了基于土壤水分张力的设施葡萄灌溉决策指标,并依托水肥一体化设备实现自动灌溉.研究结果表明:智能灌溉与施肥结合的综合管理比农户常...     

Quantifying the yield gap in wheat-maize cropping systems of the Hebei Plain, China

Wheat-maize double cropping is the most important cropping system on the Hebei Plain and is one of the most important cropping systems in China. In a scenario of greater food demand, and increasing water and rural labour scarcity, it is critical that the annual productivity of the system is improved in water-energy-cost efficient and low carbon ways. Based on farm surveys, this paper benchmarked the performance of wheat-maize double crops on the Hebei Plain during the 2004-2005 season. These farm yields were assessed both against experimental yields collected from on-farm maximum yield trials conducted during the same 2004-2005 season and relative to simulated estimates of the climate-driven potential productivity of the region.The survey of 362 farms in six counties of the Hebei Plain during the 2004-2005 season found wheat yields ranging from 3375 kg ha⁻¹ to 9000 kg ha⁻¹ with an overall average yield of 6556 kg ha⁻¹. Maize yields averaged 7549 kg ha⁻¹ and ranged from 3375 kg ha⁻¹ to 11,250 kg ha⁻¹. The aggregate production for the wheat-maize double crops grown in the 2004-2005 season averaged 14,105 kg ha⁻¹ across the six counties. This was 72% of the average production (19,586 kg ha⁻¹) recorded from on-farm trials conducted in each of the six counties and 60% of the simulated average production potential (24,147 kg ha⁻¹) for the Hebei Plain in the 2004-2005 season. Thus, the annual productivity of the current cropping system could be increased with currently available technologies by 28%, while a yield increase of 42% is possible if farm yields approach the simulated yield potential.Based on farmer interviews and field observations, a number of real and perceived reasons for the current yield gaps in farmers’ fields were recognised. For instance, irrigation at stem-elongation of wheat is a current recommendation, yet only a proportion of the surveyed farmers were able to follow this strategy due to lack of access to shared irrigation facilities. Improving the region's infrastructure to enable more timely irrigation of crops will be a necessary prerequisite to improved productivity.The results from the farm surveys and on-farm trials indicate that, with current recommended practices, farmers can improve their annual farm productivity and close the current yield gaps. However, the survey identified that increasing system performance and efficiency will require a focus on both agronomic and socio-economic issues.     

长期施肥和耕作管理对华北平原土壤肥力的影响

In the North China Plain, fertilizer management and tillage practices have been changing rapidly during the last three decades; however, the influences of long-term fertilizer applications and tillage systems on fertility of salt-affected soils have not been well understood under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) annual double cropping system. A field experiment was established in 1985 on a Cambosol at the Quzhou Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, to investigate the responses of soil fertility to fertilizer and tillage practices. The experiment was established as an orthogonal design with nine treatments of different tillage methods and/or fertilizer applications. In October 2001, composite soil samples were collected from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers and analyzed for soil fertility indices. The results showed that after 17 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer and straw applications, soil organic matter (SOM) in the top layer was increased significantly from 7.00 to 9.30–13.14 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 4.00 to 5.48–7.75 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer. Soil total N (TN) was increased significantly from 0.37 and 0.22 to 0.79–1.11 and 0.61–0.73 g N kg-1 in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers, respectively, with N fertilizer application; however, there was no apparent effect of straw application on TN content. The amounts of soil total P (TP) and rapidly available P (RP) were increased significantly from 0.60 to 0.67–1.31 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 0.52 to 0.60–0.73 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer with P fertilizer application, but were decreased with combined N and P fertilizer applications. The applications of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the crop yields, but decreased the rapidly available potassium (RK) in the soil. Straw return could only meet part of the crop potassium requirements. Our results also suggested that though some soil fertility parameters were maintained or enhanced under the long-term fertilizer and straw applications, careful soil quality monitoring was necessary as other nutrients could be depleted. Spreading straw on soil surface before tillage and leaving straw at soil surface without tillage were two advantageous practices to increase SOM accumulation in the surface layer. Plowing the soil broke aggregates and increased aeration of the soil, which led to enhanced organic matter mineralization.     

蚯蚓粪有机肥对土壤肥力与甘蓝生长、品质的影响

进行了两茬蚯蚓粪田间肥力试验。结果表明,第二茬结束时,与试前相比,土壤有机质与全N 全P含量,单施蚯蚓粪分别增加78．7％、47．9％、40．8％,施蚯蚓粪 化肥分别增加38．4％、21．9％、 28．2％;三大微生物总量,单施蚯蚓粪、施蚯蚓粪 化肥分别增加108．2％、51．8％。施用蚯蚓粪能增加土 壤速效养分含量,促进叶面积增长与干物质积累。一、二茬结束时,与不施肥相比,单施蚯蚓粪增产 45．5％、77．5％,施蚯蚓粪 无机肥增产76．1％、103．9％,均达极显著水平。施用蚯蚓粪可改善甘蓝品质, 降低甘蓝硝酸盐含量,提高维生素C含量。     

2014年曲周县小麦草害情况及成因分析

为了了解曲周县麦田春季杂草的发生情况,进一步制定科学的草害防治措施,2014年采用田间调查的方法,调查了曲周县10个乡(镇)麦田春季杂草的发生种类和密度;采用农户调查的方法,分析了部分麦田杂草严重发生的成因;还结合田间长期定位试验,研究了3种管理措施(秸秆还田,施用有机肥和化肥,春草秋治)对麦田杂草发生密度的影响。结果表明:曲周县麦田杂草种类主要有播娘蒿、荠菜、麦瓶草、节节麦和麦家公5种;基于不同杂草在各乡(镇)的发生密度,认为播娘蒿、荠菜、麦瓶草、节节麦、麦家公的防治区域重点分别在曲周镇和槐桥乡,槐桥乡和依庄乡,南里岳乡,南里岳乡和曲周镇,槐桥乡;不合理增加秸秆还田量和增施有机肥均会增加播娘蒿的发生密度,而采用春草秋治技术会显著降低播娘蒿、荠菜和节节麦的发生密度。在曲周县及其所在的华北平原,应加强春草秋治技术的应用,并合理调节有机肥和还田秸秆的使用量。     

灌溉水矿化度及盐分带入量对小麦相对产量影响的统计分析

在搜集、统计大量咸水灌溉试验资料的基础上,选取咸水充分灌溉条件下矿化度和小麦产量的完整对应数据103组,统计分析了灌溉水矿化度及单位面积盐分带入量对小麦相对产量的影响,结果表明,随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,小麦相对产量呈线性递减趋势,当矿化度大于1.0 g/L时,灌溉水矿化度每增加1 g/L,小麦减产约5.6%;与矿化度类似,随着单位面积盐分带入量的增加,小麦的相对产量也线性降低,盐分带入量每增加1000 kg/hm2,小麦的产量将减少约2%。进一步的检验结果显示,应用灌溉水矿化度及单位面积盐分带入量均可较为可靠地估算小麦的相对产量,估算相对误差基本可控制在16%以内。     

蚯蚓粪有机肥对土壤肥力与甘蓝生长、品质的影响

进行了两茬蚯蚓粪田间肥力试验。结果表明,第二茬结束时,与试前相比,土壤有机质与全N全P含量,单施蚯蚓粪分别增加78.7%、47.9%、40.8%,施蚯蚓粪+化肥分别增加38.4%、21.9%、28.2%;三大微生物总量,单施蚯蚓粪、施蚯蚓粪+化肥分别增加108.2%、51.8%。施用蚯蚓粪能增加土壤速效养分含量,促进叶面积增长与干物质积累。一、二茬结束时,与不施肥相比,单施蚯蚓粪增产45.5%、77.5%,施蚯蚓粪+无机肥增产76.1%、103.9%,均达极显著水平。施用蚯蚓粪可改善甘蓝品质,降低甘蓝硝酸盐含量,提高维生素C含量。     

华北潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作包气带氮素淋溶机制

合理水氮管理可以实现作物目标产量和品质、维持土壤肥力和降低环境污染。然而,自20世纪90年代以来,我国农田过量施氮和大水漫灌等问题突出,引起农业面源污染日趋加重,地下水硝酸盐污染成为一个普遍现象。本文以华北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系为研究对象,采用数据整合和文献分析的方法,阐明了典型农田硝态氮淋溶的时空特征及影响因素,研究了地表裂隙和土壤大孔隙对硝态氮淋溶的影响,定量了氮素在地表-根层-深层包气带-地下水的垂直迁移通量及过程。结果表明,农户常规管理的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮素盈余较高(299～358kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),导致土壤根区和深层包气带累积了大量的硝态氮。冬小麦季硝态氮的迁移主要受灌溉影响,以非饱和流为主,且迁移距离较短;春季单次灌溉量低于60 mm,可以有效控制水和硝态氮淋溶出根区。冬小麦耕作和灌溉引起的地表裂隙对水氮运移的贡献不大。雨热同期的夏玉米季,土壤水分经常处于饱和状态,再降雨就可以导致硝态氮淋溶出根层进入深层包气带。夏玉米季极易发生硝态氮淋溶事件(占全年总淋溶事件的81%左右),硝态氮淋溶量占全年总淋溶量的80%左右,且单次淋溶事件的淋溶量较高。大孔隙优先流对夏玉米季根区硝态氮淋溶的贡献率在71%左右,这些硝态氮脱离了作物根系吸收范围,反硝化作用对硝态氮去除具有一定作用。在华北气候-土壤条件下,特别应注意冬小麦收获后土壤不应残留过多硝态氮,以避免夏玉米季降雨发生大量淋溶;夏玉米季需要注意施氮与作物需氮的匹配。由于夏玉米追肥困难,生产上提倡一次性施肥措施,控释肥应该能够发挥更大作用。未来气候变化,导致夏季极端高强度降雨事件的频率增加,将会加剧包气带累积硝态氮通过饱和流或优先流向地下水的迁移。合理的水氮管理是从源头上减少硝态氮向深层包气带和地下水迁移的主要措施。