施用生物菌剂对烤烟叶片生理特征及钾、氯含量的影响

为探讨不同生物菌剂在烤烟上的施用效果,选取烤烟品种秦烟96和豫烟6号为材料,设计了对照(T1)、生物菌剂A(T2)、生物菌剂B(T3)、生物菌剂C(T4)、生物菌剂D(T5)和生物菌剂E(T6)6个处理,于2016年在河南省洛阳市(旱作烟区)和驻马店市(雨养烟区)进行了田间试验,研究了施用生物菌剂对烤烟叶片生理特征及钾、氯含量的影响。结果表明:施用生物菌剂处理与对照相比烤烟叶片中可溶性糖的含量增加了0.38%～1.43%,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了0.3～7.36μmol·g~(-1)。除雨养烟区T5处理外,与对照相比,施用生物菌剂处理烤烟叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高2.1～26.2μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1),0.6～40 U·g~(-1)和546～2 531 U·g~(-1)。中部叶养分分析表明,施用生物菌剂处理在移栽后45 d(除雨养烟区T4处理外)全钾含量提高了0.42%～1.32%,移栽后60 d提高了0.03%～1.00%。从经济性状看,与对照相比,雨养烟区T3处理产值和上等烟比例分别增加14 708元·hm~(-2)和23.1%,旱作烟区T2处理产值和上等烟比例分别增加7 849元·hm~(-2)和13.7%。化学成分分析表明,雨养烟区T3处理和旱作烟区T2处理烟叶钾含量平均分别提高0.40%和0.57%,施用生物菌剂处理使烟叶化学成分更加协调。     

Atmospheric humidity and genotype are key determinants of the diurnal stomatal conductance pattern

Great understanding of the genotypic difference in diurnal stomatal conductance (g_s) pattern and the key determinants of the pattern is important for saving water by adopting cultivars appropriately. Fifteen wheat genotypes were studied under different soil conditions and various meteorological conditions with pot cultivation in rain shelter for two years. Genotype and air humidity were found to be key determinants of diurnal g_s pattern. All genotypes under low relative humidity (LRH) and most genotypes under high relative humidity (HRH) displayed a gradual decline pattern from morning through the afternoon. Under moderate relative humidity (MRH), all genotypes present a single-peak curve pattern, but they differed in peak time, which may lead to unreliable g_s comparison between genotypes and get ostensible contrasting materials. The stomatal conductance was significantly different among genotypes under LRH and the increased g_s magnitude is also significantly different when it was compared between LRH and HRH. The present results provide new thinking for selecting and adopting appropriate cultivars with specific stomata traits for the area with various meteorological conditions.     

我国北部冬麦区小麦区域试验重复次数和试点数量的优化设计

农作物品种区域试验重复次数和试点数量的合理配置有利于提高试验的成本效率和品种选择效率。本研究分析了2010—2019年期间北部冬麦区小麦品种区域试验的重复次数和试点数量设置的合理性,依据小麦品种试验的信噪比和遗传力水平随重复次数和试点数量的变化规律,提出了重复次数和试点数量的优化设计方案。结果表明:(1)北部冬麦区小麦单点试验的遗传力平均达到0.87,需要的重复次数平均值仅为1.4,说明3次重复可以充分保证试验精确度的需求。(2)北部冬麦区水地组和旱地组小麦区域试验达到0.75的遗传力水平时,需要的试点数量分别为11个和13个,目前有效试点数量分别约为11个和8个,分别达到0.75和0.60的遗传力水平。(3)小麦品种区域试验结果对品种的审定和应用十分重要,而每年都可能有少数试验点因为各种异常情况而报废,为保证试验结果的可靠性,可按H=0.75的水平需求安排试验点数量和重复次数,即重复次数可保持当前的3次;水地组的试点数量可保持在11个左右;旱地组可将试点增加到13个;如要将遗传力提高到0.80的水平,则需约16个试点。     

光周期对北京油鸡雏鸡采食行为与生长性能的影响

为研究光照周期对北京油鸡雏鸡采食行为与生长性能的影响,本试验选择1日龄北京油鸡162只,随机分为三个处理(1、2、3),每处理54只,设3个重复,每个重复18只。1~3日龄均采用23L∶1D的光周期,4日龄起三个处理的光周期分别设置为8L∶16D、12L∶12D、16L∶8D,自雏鸡2周龄开始试验,6~7周龄观察记录各处理目标鸡的采食行为,并记录2~7周龄生长性能。结果表明:采食频次各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),但处理2、3比处理1呈增加趋势;采食行为的最大、最小与平均持续时间处理3显著大于处理1(P<0.05),处理1和处理2之间无显著差异(P>0.05);采食在所有观测行为中所占时间比例均表现为处理3显著大于处理1(P<0.05),3个处理分别为18.41%、21.5%和24.74%。5周龄后采食量均为处理3显著高于处理1、2(P<0.05),7周龄日增重处理3显著高于处理1、2(P<0.05),而料肉比则在第6~7周龄时处理1显著低于处理3(P<0.05),其它各周各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,北京油鸡雏鸡(7周龄前)在16L∶8D光周期下比12L∶12D、8L∶16D的采食时间长,利于雏鸡的采食量和体重的增加,但8L∶16D时的饲料利用效率比16L∶8D高。     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

A longitudinal study of the effect of time on the matching performance of a retinal recognition system for lambs

While there is strong evidence supporting retinal vascular pattern as a distinctive marker for sheep, it would be advantageous to get an insight into its robustness; in other words, to determine whether retinal recognition of young animals (lambs) can reach as good a matching performance as the one demonstrated for adult sheep. To this aim, a longitudinal study was devised to observe the evolution of matching scores (ms) of lamb retinal images (n = 38) acquired from 1 to 22 weeks after birth. It was observed that four lamb retinas (out of 38) underwent slight curving of one or two secondary arteries, which ceased by the time they were 6–8 weeks old. However, this slight artery curving did not affect matching performance. A random effects statistical model demonstrated that lamb age had an effect (P < 0.01) on the matching scores produced using this commercially available retinal recognition system. As lambs grew older (larger eyes) and they became easier to handle, retinal images of progressively better quality could be obtained in a more consistent way; and thus matching scores increased from an average of 86 at the first week of life, up to an average of 96 by week 8. Dunnett simultaneous tests of means indicated that no further improvement in matching score took place once lambs were at least 6–8 weeks old, meaning that the retinal image quality became by then optimal and consistent. Although the variable retinal image quality of younger lambs (1–4 weeks old) caused a reduction in matching score, they did not lead to false non-matches in any case (considering a cut-off matching score of 70 for acceptance of a positive match). Therefore, the results of these trials have shown that, with the available technology, retinal images can be used as a robust biometric marker of lambs from 1 week of age.     

泌乳牛不同胎次干奶期瘤胃发酵指标与甲烷产量的特征

旨在采用GreenFeed测定系统评价胎次对干奶牛瘤胃发酵特征和甲烷(CH₄)排放量的影响,进而获得在舍饲生理状态下的CH₄排放规律,建立预测模型。试验共选取48头处于干奶期的荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次分为4个组,每组12头奶牛,分别为一胎组、二胎组、三胎组、四胎及以上胎次组,试验期45 d,其中预试期5 d,正试期40 d。结果表明：1)三胎、四胎及以上组活体重和代谢体重显著高于一胎、二胎组(P<0.05)。2)三胎组的氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度显著高于一胎组(P<0.05),与二胎、四胎及以上组无显著差异(P>0.05);一胎、二胎组的微生物蛋白(MCP)显著高于四胎及以上组(P<0.05),与三胎组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);一胎组瘤胃中戊酸显著低于三胎组(P<0.05),与二胎和四胎及以上组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);各个处理组之间的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、pH、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、乙丙比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)干奶牛的平均CH₄排放量为336 g·d^-1,三胎、四胎及以上组干奶牛的CH₄排放量显著高于一胎组牛(P<0.05),与二胎组牛无显著差异(P>0.05)。4) CH₄排放量与干奶牛胎次和体重呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.47和0.61,基于体重建立预测模型：CH₄排放量(g·d^-1)=0.348×体重(kg)+64.018(R²=0.46)。综上可知,根据体重可以预测干奶期荷斯坦奶牛的CH₄排放量。该模型还可用于验证其他生理阶段奶牛的CH₄排放量。     

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after a single intravenous,oral or intramuscular dose in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)

1. The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in ducks were investigated after a single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or oral (PO) dose at 20 mg/kg body weight.

2. The concentrations of doxycycline in plasma samples were assayed using a high performance liquid chromatography method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model.

3. After IV administration, doxycycline had a mean (±SD) distribution volume (V_z) of 1761.9 ± 328.5 ml/kg and was slowly eliminated with a terminal half-life (t_1/2λz) of 21.21±1.47 h and a total body clearance (Cl) of 57.51 ± 9.50 ml/h/kg. Following PO and IM administration, doxycycline was relatively slowly absorbed – the peak concentrations (C_max) were 17.57 ± 4.66 μg/ml at 2 h and 25.01 ± 4.18 μg/ml at 1.5 h, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities (F) of doxycycline after PO and IM administration were 39.13% and 70.71%, respectively.

4. The plasma profile of doxycycline exhibited favourable pharmacokinetics characteristics in Muscovy ducks, such as wide distribution, relatively slow absorption and slow elimination, though oral bioavailability was low.

     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

春露地越夏长季节辣椒新品种洛研5号的选育

中熟辣椒品种洛研5号是以洛阳地方羊角椒多代选育的自交系L92-7为母本,以洛998经多代定向分离筛选的自交系L05-2为父本配制选育而成的辣椒品种。果实粗长羊角形,果实纵径17.3 cm,果实横径3.4 cm,果肉厚0.32 cm,平均单果质量44.5 g,单株挂果数27.3个,商品成熟期果实黄绿色,果面光亮洁净,商品性好,高产质优。适宜河南春露地越夏长季节栽培。