Different roles of rhizosphere effect and long-term fertilization in the activity and community structure of ammonia oxidizers in a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil

Ammonia oxidation is a critical step in the soil nitrogen (N) cycle and can be affected by the application of mineral fertilizers or organic manure. However, little is known about the rhizosphere effect on the function and structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) communities, the most important organisms responsible for ammonia oxidation in agricultural ecosystems. Here, the potential nitrification activity (PNA), population size and composition of AOB and AOA communities in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil from a long-term (31-year) fertilizer field experiment conducted during two seasons (wheat and maize) were investigated using the shaken slurry method, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. N fertilization greatly enhanced PNA and AOB abundance, while manure application increased AOA abundance. The community structure of AOB exhibited more obvious shifts than that of AOA after long-term fertilization, resulting in more abundant AOB phylotypes similar to Nitrosospira clusters 3 and 4 in the N-fertilized treatments. Moreover, PNA was closely correlated with the abundance and community structure of AOB rather than that of AOA among soils during both seasons, indicating that AOB play an active role in ammonia oxidation. Conversely, the PNA and population sizes of AOB and AOA were typically higher in the rhizosphere than the bulk soil, implying a significant rhizosphere effect on ammonia oxidation. Cluster and redundancy analyses further showed that this rhizosphere effect played a more important role in shaping AOA community structure than long-term fertilization. Overall, the results indicate that AOB rather than AOA functionally dominate ammonia oxidation in the calcareous fluvo-aquic soil, and that rhizosphere effect and fertilization regime play different roles in the activity and community structures of AOB and AOA.     

新疆沙漠边缘绿洲棉田抵御风沙措施研究

处于沙漠与绿洲边缘的棉田,风沙灾害严重,常造成大面积棉花受灾。研究并分析了风沙对边缘绿洲棉田危害类型及产生机理,提出了采取风障措施;农业综合技术;选择种植抗逆作物;实行麦棉邻作、麦棉带状间作;建立林草结合的防护林体系;保护绿洲-荒漠过渡带;加强农田的科学管理等7项防治措施。     

Potential use of the scheduler plant stress monitor in soybean

Much of work relating plant temperature to plant water stress has been done in arid regions. In 1989–1990, investigations were carried out verifying the validity of the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor made by the Standard Oil Engineering Materials Company of the United States, in irrigation timing, under Hungary's changeable weather conditions.Three different water treatments were used:

• 1.⊎ natural rainfall only (control),
• 2.⊎ lysimeter study, where the water supply is in accordance with the water demand of plants,
• 3.⊎ irrigation according to the instructions of the Scheduler.

The monitor compares plant and air temperature differences to calculate stress index and irrigation timing. The measured indices were corrected for wind speed.Taking the varied water levels into account, the highest grain yield occurred in canopies watered by using the Scheduler instructions. In 1989, the yield increase was more moderate (16.5%) than that of the yield surplus in dry 1990 (38.1%), comparing to the results of non-irrigated control.The water-use efficiency in plant stands grown by the Scheduler control fell between the results of non-irrigated control and lysimeter study, independent of weather conditions.Use of the Scheduler may be recommended mainly in arid growing seasons, where yield increase is high enough to compensate for the additional cost of irrigation water. In Hungary, where the weather is very changeable it cannot be stated with complete confidence that the Scheduler is always an effective tool in irrigation planning. To clarify this problem further work is needed.     

天然绿色棉纤维色素理化性质研究

[目的]以天然绿色棉成熟纤维为材料,对纤维色素提取液进行理化性质及稳定性研究.[方法]采用溶剂、光照、pH值调节、金属离子和氧化及还原剂对色素进行处理.[结果]自然光照射致色素提取液颜色随时间变化变浅.常温下色素易溶于极性小的有机溶剂,难溶于极性大的溶剂.色素在pH5～9颜色稳定,Al3+、Fe3+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Ca2+离子导致色素颜色变化.耐氧化性和耐还原性处理前后色素溶液光谱扫描曲线均有明显变化.[结论]光照、pH值、部分金属离子、还原剂及氧化剂影响色素稳定性,且为脂溶性色素.     

近60a来玛纳斯河流域气候变化趋势及突变分析

[目的]气候变化是21世纪人类面临的最大环境问题之一.其中以干旱区较为明显,而新疆是最为突出的地区之一.[方法]以中亚典型冰川融化区玛纳斯河流域为例,运用线性回归及Mann - Kendall趋势检验方法分析其1956 ～2010年气温及降水资料的变化趋势和突变点.[结果]近60a来玛纳斯河流域经历了一个增温趋湿的过程,增加幅度分别在0.44℃/10 a和12.6mm/10 a;春、夏、秋、冬四季增温幅度分别为0.50、0.21、0.52和0.52℃/10 a,降水倾向率分别为2.44、3.22、2.76和3.64 mm/10 a;趋势突变检验分析表明:流域内年平均气温在1980s明显的增温过程,突变点在1989年,四季突变点分别发生在1995、1986、1996和1987年.年降水量突变也发生在1980s后期,四季降水量M-K检验表明秋冬突变点分别发生在1983和1997年,春夏没有发生突变.[结论]研究结果对全面认识及预测干旱区年际及季节气候变化有一定借鉴意义.     

Mehlich3法在新疆棉花土壤养分分析中的应用

[目的]评价Mehlich3法(以下简称M3法)测定新疆棉区土壤速效有效磷、钾、铜、锌、锰等的可行性.[方法]用Mehlich3通用浸提剂测定新疆石灰性土壤中有效养分,对目前较普遍适用于棉花土壤的浸提方法与M3法相比较.[结果]两种方法浸提棉花土壤有效态P、K、Cu、Zn、Mn含量的相关性均达到极显著水平,相关系数分别为0.936 6、0.903 2、0.8446、0.785 6和0.977 6;M3浸提剂测得各元素有效态含量均高于常用浸提方法测得各元素有效态含量,其中有效Mn的相差是最大的,达3倍,而Zn的结果相差不大.[结论]对M3方法及电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP)精密度测定后认为M3方法结合ICP测定精密度高,结果稳定可靠.     

新疆棉区杂交棉养分吸收分配特点研究

[目的]研究新疆棉区杂交棉养分吸收分配的特点。[方法]以杂交棉标杂A1、鲁棉研15和常规棉新陆早13号为材料进行试验。[结果]在新疆棉区种植条件下,杂交棉单铃重、衣分、皮棉产量均高于常规棉,且达极显著水平。杂交棉与常规棉对N、P2O5和K2O的吸收均呈Logistic函数曲线变化。但养分积累量和吸收强度不同。杂交棉在各生育阶段养分净积累量高于常规棉,养分吸收强度大于常规棉,养分最大吸收速率出现的时间较常规棉晚。杂交棉养分分配规律和常规棉一致,但在生育后期,养分向生殖器官（籽棉）分配较常规棉多,向营养器官分配低于常规棉。[结论]为制定相应的高产施肥方案和施肥模式提供理论依据。     

有机与无机肥配施对小麦土壤速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量的影响

【目的】研究土壤速效养分、酶活性以及土壤中微生物总量与有机肥的关系,为提高农田土壤生物肥力、培肥土壤、实现土壤可持续利用及有机肥在农业生产实践中的推广应用提供参考。【方法】在控制条件下研究有机与无机肥配施对小麦土壤速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量的影响。【结果】(1)通过有机肥的施用可明显提高土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,促进小麦的生长发育。(2)通过有机肥的施用可明显提高土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量和土壤酶(蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶)活性。【结论】施用有机肥除了直接增加土壤有效养分和改善理化性质外,还对土壤生物和生物化学特性有明显的影响。     

Ammonia oxidizer abundance in paddy soil profile with different fertilizer regimes

Studies about ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are often focused on topsoil, but little is known about their activity and distribution in subsoil. A long-term fertilizer experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different fertilizer treatments on AOB and AOA in vertical soil profiles of paddy soil plots that received no nitrogen fertilizer control (CK), NPK chemical fertilizers (CF), organic–inorganic mixed fertilizer (OIMF) and organic fertilizer (OF). Soil properties, potential nitrification rate (PNR) and amoA gene abundance of AOB and AOA were measured and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. Quantitative PCR analysis of amoA genes showed that AOA were more abundant than AOB in all the soil samples. AOB declined sharply with soil depth. Compared with CK and OF treatments, CF and OIMF treatments had higher abundance of AOB throughout the soil profiles. However, AOA tend less responsive to soil depth and fertilizers compared to AOB. This caused the AOA/AOB ratios in subsoil higher than in topsoil, and in CK and OF higher than in CF and OIMF treatments. These results suggest that AOA are more abundant and can be better adapted to nutrient-poor subsoils than AOB, and autotrophic nitrification could likely be determined by a complex suite of environmental factors in vertical profiles of the paddy soil tested.     

蕾期低温胁迫对棉花叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】分析棉花蕾期不同低温胁迫对不同棉花品种的叶绿素荧光特性的影响,研究棉花蕾期的抗冷响应规律,筛选棉花蕾期耐冷性相关的指标,为耐冷资源鉴定、耐冷棉花品种选育提供依据。【方法】于棉花蕾期设置3个低温梯度：T₁(20℃/15℃,昼/夜)、T₂(15℃/10℃)、T₃(10℃/5℃)和对CK(28℃/20℃)处理。【结果】蕾期棉花在低温胁迫条件叶绿素荧光参数Fv、Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、SPAD下降,NPQ、Fo上升。而Fv/Fm在20℃/15℃以上低温和15℃/10℃低温初期升高;10℃/5℃以下低温和15℃/10℃低温后期下降。【结论】可根据蕾期棉花的Fm、Fo等荧光参数来判断其受到的低温胁迫程度。