沟垄集雨对旱地燕麦前期水热状况及发育期的影响

通过4个沟垄集雨处理对旱地燕麦前期水热状况及发育期的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,处理T3可以显著的提高作物耕作层的水分,显著高于处理T1。处理T1地温的日变幅最大(8.8℃),处理T3最小(5.8℃)。处理T3与T4的出苗率最高,分别为67.88%和65.85%,显著高于处理T1(49.51%)。处理T3到达苗期的发育期最短(22d),显著小于处理T1(29d)。可见,处理T3可以显著地提高作物生育前期的土壤水温条件,提高出苗率及缩短作物的发育期。     

气候变化和人类活动对渭河流域入黄径流的影响

以渭河流域气温、降水、实测径流量、河川耗水量及流域水土保持措施面积等资料为基础,应用秩次相关法检验分析了气候要素的变化趋势;应用回归分析法,以降雨为气象要素,以水土保持、河川径流引水、傍河取水为人类活动要素,定量研究了气候变化和人类活动对渭河入黄径流的影响。结果表明,不同径流来源区的降雨变化对入黄径流变化的影响不同,其中关中地区的影响最大;与多年平均值相比,20世纪90年代渭河入黄径流减少了29.04亿m3,其中因降雨量减少10.4%而对应的径流量减少了19.81亿m3,占径流减少量的68.2%;水土保持活动、河川耗水、傍河取水激发地表水对地下水的补给以及雨水集蓄等人类活动的变化,引起径流的变化量分别占径流减少量的8.5%,10.1%,9.8%和0.2%。     

Effect of drip irrigation on squash (Cucurbita pepo) yield and water-use efficiency in sandy calcareous soils amended with clay deposits

Water research studies in Saudi Arabia clearly showed sever depletion of groundwater. Therefore, the scientifically applied research program related to water saving and conservation in agriculture is essential, where agricultural activities account for more than 85% of the total water consumed. This study aims to investigate the effect of four irrigation levels, two irrigation methods and three clay deposits on water-use efficiency (WUE) of squash and the distributions of salts and roots in sandy calcareous soils. A field experiment was conducted at the college experimental station in 2002 and 2003. It consists of three clay deposits, three rates (CO = 0, C2 = 1.0 and C3 = 2.0%), four irrigation levels (T₁ = 60, T₂ = 80, T₃ = 100 and T₄ = 120% of Eto) using surface (IM1) and subsurface (IM2) drip irrigation.Results indicated that squash fruit yield was significantly increased with the increase in irrigation water level for each season. Generally, WUE values were increased as linearly with applied irrigation water and decreased at the highest irrigation level. Types of clay deposits significantly affected fruit yields compared with the control. The yield increase was 12.8, 8.35 and 6.4% for Khulays, Dhruma and Rawdat clay deposits, respectively. The differences between surface and subsurface drip on fruit yields and WUE were also significant. Results indicated that moisture content of subsurface-treated layer increased dramatically, while salts were accumulated at the surface and away from the emitters in subsurface drip irrigation. Intensive root proliferation is observed in the clay-amended subsurface layer compared with non-amended soil. The advantages of subsurface drip irrigation were related to the relative decrease in salt accumulation in the root zone area where the plant roots were active and water content was relatively higher.