土壤特性与Philip入渗公式标定因子的空间变异性关系

以在杨凌地区的土壤野外垂直入渗试验为基础,利用标定理论对Philip入渗方程进行标定,用多重分形法和联合多重分形法定量分析了标定因子和土壤物理特性多尺度下的空间变异性及空间相关性,并构建了标定因子的土壤转换函数.研究表明：算数标定因子的标定效果最优;研究区域内的标定因子和各土壤物理特性具有多重分形特征,在单一尺度上和多尺度上,标定因子和沙粒质量分数的空间变异性较强,不同尺度区间上的高值信息对其空间分布影响较大,而粗粉粒质量分数的空间变异性由不同尺度区间上的低值造成;单一尺度上,标定因子与有机质质量分数和黏粒质量分数的相关性具有统计学意义,在多尺度上,标定因子与土壤容重、黏粒质量分数和有机质质量分数的相关性具有统计学意义;基于联合多重分形建立的标定因子的土壤转换函数的预测效果比较理想,具有较强的理论基础和理论价值.     

Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the greenhouse gas emissions of a cropping system on a sandy soil in northeast Germany

Irrigation induces processes that may either decrease or increase greenhouse gas emissions from cropping systems. To estimate the net effect of irrigation on the greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to consider changes in the crop yields, the content of soil organic carbon and nitrous oxide emissions, as well as in emissions from the use and production of machinery and auxiliary materials. In this study the net greenhouse gas emissions of a cropping system on a sandy soil in northeast Germany were calculated based on a long-term field experiment coupled with two-year N₂O flux measurements on selected plots. The cropping system comprised a rotation of potato, winter wheat, winter oil seed rape, winter rye and cocksfoot each under three nitrogen (N) fertilization intensities with and without irrigation. Total greenhouse gas emissions ranged from 452 to 3503 kg CO_2-eq ha⁻¹ and 0.09 to 1.81 kg CO_2-eq kg⁻¹ yield. Application of an adequate amount of N fertilizer led to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions compared to zero N fertilization whereas excessive N fertilization did not result in a further decrease. Under N fertilization there were no significant differences between irrigation and non-irrigation. Increases in greenhouse gas emissions from the operation, production and maintenance of irrigation equipment were mainly offset by increases in crop yield and soil organic carbon contents. Thus, on a sandy soil under climatic conditions of north-east Germany it is possible to produce higher yields under irrigation without an increase in the yield-related greenhouse gas emissions.     

基于COM组件技术的渠系配水编组决策通用化软件研究

针对国内外开发的渠系优化配水软件存在通用化程度不高的问题,以VB、MATLAB等多种编程工具为开发平台,并基于COM组件技术研制了可脱离MATLAB和VB编程工具运行环境的渠系配水优化编组通用化软件,实现了渠系层状树形结构图、空间布局概化图和渠道特征参数数据库等的交互使用,使用户可以方便地完成复杂渠系的空间布局搭建和渠道特征参数的设置。对软件的实例测试表明,本软件编程速度快、程序简洁、界面直观、求解速度快、结果可靠性高,能方便地用于渠系配水优化辅助决策。