油菜黑胫病菌T-DNA插入诱变因素优化及突变体筛选

油菜黑胫病是由Leptosphaeria biglobosa引起的一种真菌病害。这种病害在我国油菜产区广泛发生,并造成一定的经济损失。为通过获取突变体来研究L. biglobosa的生态适应性机制及致病机制,本文优化了影响农杆菌介导转化（ATMT）油菜黑胫病菌L. biglobosa菌株Lb731的因素,评估转化子质量,并筛选相关突变体。结果明确了农杆菌介导转化菌株Lb731的最佳因素：潮霉素B浓度为50 μg/mL,转化受体（分生孢子）培养时间为15 d (20℃),浓度为2 × 10^7~8孢子/mL,农杆菌-受体共培养温度为25℃,共培养时间为72 h。在最适条件下的转化效率达到80个转化子/百万分生孢子。T-DNA插入基因组的频率为100%,单拷贝插入频率为72.7%,转化子抗潮霉素性状能稳定遗传。从2136个转化子中获得了11个菌丝生长减缓突变体,7个色素产生缺陷突变体和14个分生孢子产生缺陷突变体,并从这些突变体中鉴定出7个致病力丧失突变体。采用hiTAIL-PCR技术,从3个突变体中获得了T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列。上述结果为深入研究L. biglobosa的生态适应性机制及致病机制提供了材料和线索。     

侵染梨的苹果茎痘病毒基因组序列及小RNA分析

苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)是危害梨(Pyrus spp.)和苹果(Malus spp.)的重要病毒。本研究采用小RNA深度测序技术获得了ASPV基因组的部分序列,在此基础上设计引物对该病毒基因组进行RT-PCR扩增,通过序列拼接得到1个来源于玉露香(Yuluxiang)梨的ASPV分离物(YLX)长度为9 291个核苷酸(nt)(不包括基因组5'末端约30个核苷酸)的基因组序列,该序列与已报道的13个ASPV分离物的基因组核苷酸序列相似性为71.6%~80.7%,与多个来自苹果的ASPV分离物系统进化关系较近。首次分析了来源于ASPV基因组的干扰性小RNA(siRNA),发现来源于ASPV基因组链和互补链的siRNA长度均以21 nt和22 nt为主,siRNA的5'端具有一定的碱基偏好性。本研究结果为深入了解ASPV的分子特性提供了重要信息。     

高通量测序鉴定柑橘黄化脉明病毒诱导柠檬差异表达microRNA

 柑橘黄化脉明病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)是我国新发生的危害柠檬的重要病毒。本研究对接种和未接种CYVCV的柠檬叶片样品进行了高通量小RNA测序,以甜橙基因组作为参考,采用生物信息学软件进行miRNA鉴定和靶基因预测。结果显示CYVCV侵染对13个保守miRNA和12个新鉴定的非保守miRNA的表达具有调控作用,对这些差异表达miRNA的靶基因进行预测和功能分析的结果显示,保守miRNA的靶基因功能在植物逆境反应及光合作用和能量代谢相关通路中具有明显的富集现象,推测与CYVCV侵染柠檬植株及诱导病害症状表现有关,而多数新鉴定的非保守miRNA的靶基因功能未能注释到KEGG通路。采用实时荧光定量PCR对部分miRNA的表达水平进行了分析,结果表明miRNA的表达水平在接种CYVCV后30~90 d呈时间动态变化。研究结果为进一步揭示CYVCV与柠檬互作机制提供了重要信息。     

Monilinia fructicola on loquat: An old pathogen invading a new host

Monilinia fructicola has been widely reported as the causal agent of brown rot disease on many Rosaceae family fruits worldwide. It has been reported on stone fruits, e.g., peach, plum, cherry, apricot and mume; as well as pome fruits, e.g., apple, pear and hawthorn. Loquat is a member of the Eriobotrya genus in subfamily Maloideae along with apple, pear and hawthorn. So far, loquat has not been reported as the host of any Monilia species. In June 2019, brown rot symptoms were observed on loquat fruits in an orchard in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Thirty single spore isolates were obtained and identified as M. fructicola based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis. This is the first report of loquat brown rot disease caused by Monilia species in the world. Furthermore, upon artificial inoculation, all three Monilia species from peach in China, i.e., M. fructicola, M. mumecola and M. yunnanensis, could cause typical brown rot disease on loquat fruits. At the same time, M. fructicola isolates from loquat showed virulence similar to those isolates from peach when the pathogenicity test was conducted on peach fruits. These results suggested that loquat could be infected by other Monilia species and that isolates from loquat also have potential to damage other Rosaceae family fruits in practice.     

荸荠枯萎病发生动态及防治技术

荸荠枯萎病在我国各个荸荠Eleocharis dulcis产区普遍发生,是影响荸荠产量的重要病害。为有效防治该病害,于2010—2012年调查了湖北省荸荠枯萎病的田间发生动态,并进行了荸荠品种抗病性评价、室内药剂筛选及药剂处理球茎盆栽和田间试验。3年田间病情调查结果表明,荸荠枯萎病于8月中旬开始发生,8下旬—9月上旬温度适宜,病害开始缓慢增长;9月下旬—10月中旬为该病发生的高峰期;病情指数均与温度呈显著负相关,但各年份的病情指数与相对湿度和降雨量均无显著相关性。沙洋荠、肇庆荠、韶关马坝荠、桂林荠-1品种对荸荠枯萎病有较强的抗性。10%苯醚甲环唑、25%多菌灵、40%氟硅唑和25%嘧菌酯4种药剂处理球茎均有利于荸荠出苗。经多菌灵和氟硅唑处理的球茎假植到大田2个月后对荸荠枯萎病仍有一定的防治效果,防治效果分别为22.3%和27.0%,而嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑对该病基本无防治效果。     

不同培养条件对球孢链霉菌JK-1生长及其产生抗菌物质的影响

[目的]研究不同培养条件对球孢链霉菌JK-1生长及其产生抗菌物质的影响,明确该菌生长及其产生抗菌物质的最适培养条件.[方法]在不同培养条件下分别测量球孢链霉菌JK-1的菌体干重,并以稻瘟菌为指示菌,采用菌丝生长速率法测定不同培养条件下JK-1发酵液的抑菌活性.[结果]在供试的7种培养基中,LB培养基最有利于菌体生长,PSB培养基最有利于产生抗菌物质.JK-1在10~35℃范围内均可以生长并产生抗菌物质,25℃为菌体生长和产生抗菌物质的最适温度.JK-1在PSB中培养5d菌体干重可达最大值,培养7d抑菌活性可达到最大值.适宜于JK-1生长及其产生抗菌物质的pH值范围为6~8,最适为pH 7.JK-1能够有效利用多种碳源和氮源进行生长和产生抗菌物质,其中分别以甘油为碳源和酪氨酸为氮源时生长最好;以麦芽糖为碳源和硫酸铵为氮源时发酵液的抑菌活性最强.[结论]球孢链霉菌JK-1生长和产生抗菌物质的最佳培养条件为pH 7的PSB培养基,25℃条件下培养7d,甘油和酪氨酸最适于该菌的菌体生长,麦芽糖和硫酸铵最适于产生抗菌物质.     

Molecular,serological and biological characterization of a novel Apple stem pitting virus strain from a local pear variety grown in China

Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) is an important causal agent of pear diseases. Nowadays, the infection status and molecular characteristics of the virus in old pear trees have never been investigated. In this study, we provide the first complete genome sequence of an ASPV isolate LYC from an over 300-year-old tree of a local Pyrus bretschneideri cultivar ‘Chili’ specifically grown at Laiyang area in China. ASPV-LYC possesses a chimeric genome consisting of 9 273 nucleotides excluding a poly(A) tail at its 3’ end and harboring a recombination region in its open reading frame (ORF1) with Aurora-1 and KL9 identified as the major and minor parents. Western blot analysis with antisera against recombinant coat proteins (CPs) of three ASPV isolates from pear indicates that ASPV-LYC is serologically related to these ASPV isolates, but with differential activities. Further biological tests on indicator plants of Pyronia veitchii show that ASPV-LYC can induce serious leaf and stem symptoms as other ASPV isolates. The results provide an important information for understanding molecular evolution of ASPV and suggest a need to prevent dissemination of the isolate among pear trees.     

桃褐腐病菌抗药性分子机理研究进展

桃褐腐病是严重危害桃生产的重要病害之一。在实际生产中,该病害的控制主要以化学防治为主。由于杀菌剂的大量使用,桃褐腐病菌已对几类常用的杀菌剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。本文就桃褐腐病菌(Moniliniaspp.)对生产上使用的几大类杀菌剂的抗药性情况及抗药性分子机制研究进展进行简单概述和分析,以供国内同行借鉴与参考。     

苍术黑斑病菌(Alternaria tenuissima)生物学特性研究

从苍术黑斑病叶片上分离得到黑斑病病原菌[Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire],对其生物学特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,病菌菌丝在15～35℃都能生长,最适温度为25℃;pH在4～11都能生长,最适pH为6.0～7.0。在Czapek培养基上,病原菌以葡萄糖和甘露醇为碳源生长最好,以硝酸钾为氮源生长最佳。30%苯醚甲.丙环乳油和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂对菌丝生长有很好的抑制效果,而75%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果较差。     

湖北省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的敏感性

对2014年采自中国湖北省7个县、市的206株小麦赤霉病菌样品进行单孢分离与鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法随机测定了其中100株菌株对多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的敏感性,建立了其敏感基线。结果表明:多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺对湖北省小麦赤霉病菌的EC50值范围分别为0.115~0.705、0.006~1.356和0.002~0.370 μg/mL,平均值分别为0.248、0.181和0.040 μg/mL;供试100株小麦赤霉病菌对3种药剂的敏感性频率均呈单峰拟正态分布,因此可将所得各EC50平均值分别作为湖北省小麦赤霉病菌对3种药剂的敏感基线参考值。以各药剂EC50平均值的10倍作为敏感性鉴别浓度,对2015及2016年湖北省小麦赤霉病菌的敏感性进行了监测,在该鉴别浓度下,多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺对2015年小麦赤霉病菌的平均抑制率分别为100%、85.14%和82.35%,对2016年小麦赤霉病菌的平均抑制率分别为100%、76.67%和73.62%。研究表明,虽然戊唑醇和咪鲜胺对2016年小麦赤霉病菌的抑制率略有下降,但整体而言,湖北省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵、戊唑醇及咪鲜胺仍具有较高的敏感性。