一种快速检测向日葵地块土壤中黄萎病菌微菌核的新方法

由大丽轮枝孢菌侵染引起的向日葵黄萎病是一种重要的土传病害,微菌核是该病害主要的初侵染来源。目前,土壤中大丽轮枝孢菌微菌核的定量检测方法多操作步骤复杂繁琐,如利用PCR方法进行检测,对仪器设备和操作人员的素质都有较高的要求,而常规的土壤梯度稀释湿筛法的实验周期长且检测效率低,因此,建立一种快速定量检测土壤中大丽轮枝孢菌微菌核的方法,对于向日葵黄萎病的预报预测和防控非常重要。为了能够快速的定量检测土壤中微菌核的数量,以期探明不同耕作方式地块中土壤微菌核数量的差异,本实验建立了一套操作相对简单,实验周期较短的微菌核快速分离和定量检测的方法,即采样器—干筛法。该方法将微生物采样器和选择性培养基相结合,基于微生物采样器的撞击法原理,使土壤微生物粒子加速撞击到选择性培养基的培养皿表面,经培养后可见单菌落形成。利用该方法对内蒙古巴彦淖尔市不同的向日葵黄萎病发病地块中采集到的土壤样本中微菌核进行了定量检测,结果表明：两年向日葵连作地（样地1）土壤中微菌核的数量最多,平均每克土样中含有微菌核32.80个;与非寄主作物玉米轮作地块（样地2）土样中微菌核的数量最少,平均每克土样中含有微菌核11.80个,与寄主作物打籽葫芦轮作地块（样地3）微菌核数量介于二者之间。利用该方法能够明显区分不同地块土壤中微菌核的数量。通过和荧光定量PCR检测的结果进行相关性分析发现,该方法能够准确检测土壤中大丽轮枝孢菌微菌核的数量。     

4种农药对呼和浩特市榆绿毛萤叶甲室内毒力测定及田间防效评价

为筛选出防治榆绿毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta aenescens的有效药剂, 为在园林植物害虫防治中合理使用杀虫剂提供指导?本文选用园林植物害虫防治中常用的4种杀虫剂进行室内毒力测定和田间防效试验?结果表明, 甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对榆绿毛萤叶甲2~3龄幼虫的毒力最高, LC50为1.401 mg/L?高效氯氰菊酯次之, 印楝素的毒力最低, LC50为39.279 mg/L?田间药效试验表明, 施药3 d后, 稀释500倍的3%高效氯氰菊酯悬浮剂和3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂的防效最好, 分别为91.22%和89.49%?施药5 d后, 4种杀虫剂对榆绿毛萤叶甲的防效为85.67%~91.97%, 无明显差异?研究结果为榆绿毛萤叶甲的防治提供了理论指导?     

有限灌溉对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

在防雨池栽培试验条件下,研究了有限灌溉对两个燕麦品种产量品质和水分利用效率的影响.试验为裂区设计,主区为7个灌溉处理,副区为品种(内农大莜1号,白燕7号).研究结果表明:水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均显著影响到燕麦干物质积累;内农大莜1号的干草产量、籽粒产量以及粗蛋白产量均为E处理(底墒水 拔节水 抽穗水)最高,而白燕7号的以上三种产量是以F处理最高;两个品种均是E处理具有最高的水分利用效率(WUE),过度干旱(处理A)或后期灌水过多(处理G)均显著影响燕麦土壤水分利用效率;内农大莜1号具有更强的抗旱性,而白燕7号则对水分更为敏感.     

栽培措施对粮饲兼用型玉米粗蛋白积累的影响

采用3因素最优饱和设计,研究了氮肥、磷肥与种植密度3因素对不同收获时期粮饲兼用玉米粗蛋白变化的影响。结果表明,不同收获时期粗蛋白含量变化因器官而异。从散粉期开始,叶片中粗蛋白含量呈下降趋势,茎鞘和雌穗中粗蛋白含量均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值分别出现在灌浆期和乳熟末期,全株最大粗蛋白积累量出现在乳熟末期。散粉期粗蛋白主要分配在叶片和茎鞘中,灌浆期后雌穗中粗蛋白积累量迅速增加。从营养品质角度考虑,呼和浩特地区粮饲兼用型玉米适宜的收获期为乳熟末期,优化栽培措施为种植密度5 200~5 700株/hm2,施氮量(纯N)260~330 kg/hm2,施磷量(P2O5)110~150 kg/hm2     

甜瓜幼苗生长及生理特性对碱胁迫的响应

以"羊角酥"甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)为试材,分别利用浓度为12.5、25.0、37.5、50.0、62.5、75.0 mmol·L-1Na2CO3进行梯度胁迫处理,对碱胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长状态、光合特性以及抗氧化能力进行分析,以期为甜瓜碱胁迫的适应性机制研究提供参考依据。结果表明:当Na2CO3浓度为75.0 mmol·L-1时,幼苗株高、茎粗及叶面积受到显著抑制。随着Na2CO3浓度增加,净光合速率(Pn)呈降低趋势,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)变化趋势反之;叶绿素(Chl)含量呈降低趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量在高浓度Na2CO3时急剧增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著高于对照。Pn下降的主要原因是非气孔限制,高浓度(75.0 mmol·L-1)碱胁迫下,幼苗生长势受抑制,且MDA含量增加显著,Pro积累有利于提高幼苗自身的抗碱性。     

Effects of fertilization with urban and agricultural organic wastes in a field trial – Waste imprint on soil microbial activity

In the past decades a significant change in composition of urban organic waste products has occurred in many first world countries, due to cleaner technologies as well as outsourcing of heavy industries. However, the societal perception of organic urban waste has become increasingly negative, leading to widespread advocacy of incineration. Therefore we established the ‘CRUCIAL’ long-term field trial in 2003, with the rationale that by approaching the known limits for a number of heavy metals below which no profound disturbance should be observed on key soil ecological functions, it should be possible to discern if some of the many unknown components in the composite urban waste as well as agriculturally based fertilizers have measurable impacts. The following treatments were established: human urine, sewage sludge (normal N-level and accelerated level aiming at three times normal N-level), degassed and subsequently composted organic municipal waste (normal and accelerated level), deep litter, cattle slurry, cattle manure (accelerated level), NPK fertilizer, unfertilized but with clover undersown and an unfertilized control. After 4 years the soil organic matter (SOM) C content, basal CO₂ respiration and soil microbial biomass (SMB) C was significantly affected by treatments. All soils having received organic fertilizer had higher SMB C than those with no added fertilizer (unfertilized and unfertilized with clover undersown) and inorganic fertilizer. The treatment effect on qCO2 (CO₂/SMB C) was not significant, but the unfertilized treatments showed the highest values. Treatments with accelerated levels of composted household waste and sewage sludge had the highest number of colony forming heterotrophic bacteria. Sole carbon source utilization in EcoPlates indicated a very robust microbial community in the treatments. Cumulative input of heavy metals was less than that required for reaching the heavy metal ecotoxicological limits, even after accelerated loading with sewage sludge corresponding to approximately 55 years of normal application. This could indicate that it is possible use organic urban waste for an extended period on a given site, without compromising soil functioning as long as ecotoxicological guidelines for heavy metal content are observed.     

Osmotic adjustment of sugar beets in response to soil salinity and its influence on stomatal conductance,growth and yield

Sugar beets were grown in tanks filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with waters of three different levels of salinity. Osmotic adjustment was determined by analyzing the pressure-volume curves at three growth stages. Sugar beets showed osmotic adjustment in two ways: with their phenological development and towards salinity. Owing to the latter adjustment sugar beets are able to maintain the turgor potential at the same value for lower values of the leaf water potential, to maintain stomatal conductance and photosynthesis and finally their production under severe water stress.Salinity affected the pre-dawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and evapotranspiration on both soils, but leaf area and yield only on loam.Soil texture affected stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration, leaf area and yield. As the latter was about 35% lower on clay, whereas the evapotranspiration decreased 10 to 15%, the water use efficiency was about 25% lower on clay compared with loam.