A review of soil NO transformation: Associated processes and possible physiological significance on organisms

NO emissions from soils and ecosystems are of outstanding importance for atmospheric chemistry. Here we review the current knowledge on processes involved in the formation and consumption of NO in soils, the importance of NO for the physiological functioning of different organisms, and for inter- and intra-species signaling and competition, e.g. in the rooting zone between microbes and plants. We also show that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are able to produce NO by multiple pathways and that unspecific enzymo-oxidative mechanisms of NO production are likely to occur in soils. Nitric oxide production in soils is not only linked to NO production by nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms, but also linked to extracellular enzymes from a wide range of microorganisms.Further investigations are needed to clarify molecular mechanisms of NO production and consumption, its controlling factors, and the significance of NO as a regulator for microbial, animal and plant processes. Such process understanding is required to elucidate the importance of soils as sources (and sinks) for atmospheric NO.     

Simulated rain addition modifies diurnal patterns and temperature sensitivities of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration in an arid desert ecosystem

The timing and magnitude of rainfall events in arid and semiarid regions are expected to change dramatically in future decades, which will likely greatly affect regional carbon cycles. To understand how increases in rainfall affect the diurnal patterns and temperature sensitivities (Q₁₀) of soil respiration (R_S) and its key components (i.e. heterotrophic respiration (R_H) and autotrophic respiration (R_A)), we conducted a manipulative field experiment in a desert ecosystem of Northwest China. We simulated five different scenarios of future rain regimes (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% increase over local annual mean precipitation) each month from May to September in 2009. We measured R_S and R_H every three hours on 6 and 16 days after the rain addition, and estimated R_A by calculating the difference between R_S and R_H. We found that rain addition significantly increased the daily mean R_S and its components on the two measurement days during the growing season. However, the diurnal pattern was different between the two respiration components. Rain addition significantly increased the daily Q₁₀ value of R_H but suppressed that of R_A on Day 6. Rain addition had no influence on daily Q₁₀ value of both respiration components on Day 16 when soil moisture was lower. In addition, we observed significantly higher daily Q₁₀ of R_H than R_A under all five rain addition treatments, indicating that microbial respiration is more temperature sensitive than root respiration in a short-time scale in this desert ecosystem. Thus, partitioning soil respiration into its two components, and analyzing the differential responses of R_H and R_A to future climate changes should be considered for more accurate predictions of soil respiration and regional carbon cycle in these arid and semiarid regions.     

1971─2012年长江中下游地区水稻洪涝时空分布特征

【目的】为长江中下游地区地区性防涝排涝部署提供依据。【方法】基于1971─2012年长江中下游地区426个气象站点逐日降水资料,通过分析洪涝发生频率、洪涝强度和洪涝发生站次比,研究了长江中下游地区年度洪涝灾害时空分布特征和覆盖水稻关键生育期洪涝灾害时空演变特征。【结果】研究区中度、重度洪涝发生频率所占比最大,中度洪涝发生频率主要集中在湖北、湖南、江西、浙江;重度洪涝发生频率集中在湖南、江西、浙江;特涝发生频率集中在安徽北部与江苏。同时,1971─2012年间研究区域洪涝发生影响范围总体年际尺度变化不明显,洪涝强度20世纪90年代最强,但整体有降低趋势。从研究区水稻物候期来看,影响范围最广强度最大集中发生在7─8月,早稻与一季稻分别处于灌浆成熟期与拔节孕穗期。【结论】在研究区域加强农业气象监测密度,重点可在研究区内(安徽北部、江苏、湖南、江西、浙江)早稻进入灌浆期与一季稻拔节孕穗期前期进行水利设施建设,依靠研究区地势特点与农田生态自身环境稳定性,预防和排除水稻洪涝灾害。     

应用ORYZA2000模型制定北京地区旱稻优化灌溉制度

通过优化灌溉提高水分利用效率,使有限的水资源发挥最大的效益,是推行节水农业的一个重要方面.在模型验证的基础上,利用ORYZA2000模型和多年气象资料,分析了北京地区不同降水年型条件下早稻产量和水分利用效率与灌溉定额之间的关系,在此基础上制定不同降水年型和产量水平的北京地区旱稻优化灌溉制度.结果表明:当灌溉定额达到一定水平后,最高产量趋于不变.干旱和平水年型条件下旱稻均有较大的增产潜力,灌溉定额为300～500 mm可增产约3000 kg/hm2;丰水年型灌溉定额为250 mm时可增产1000 kg/hm2.70%、80%和90%产量潜力3个产量水平的最优灌溉制度分别需要保持根层土壤相对含水率在67%、73%和83%左右,灌水定额不宜过高,以50～60 mm为宜.灌溉次数和灌溉定额随产量水平的提高而增加,并取决于实际的降水情况:干旱年型3个产量水平的灌溉次数为3～8次;平水年型为2～5次;丰水年型为1～5次.水分利用效率变化范围为0.92～1.28 g/kg,受各年型降水量影响灌溉水水分利用效率变化在1.61～7.76 g/kg之间,丰水年型的灌溉水水分利用效率高于平水年型和干旱年型.80%产量潜力水平时的水分利用效率最高,不同年型灌溉定额在98～239 mm之间,灌溉次数为2～5次.     

不同CO2浓度和氮肥水平对稻田呼吸速率的影响

为研究不同CO₂浓度和氮肥水平对稻田呼吸速率的影响,利用12个开顶式气室开展田间试验,CO₂浓度设置对照（CK,自由大气CO₂浓度）、CO₂浓度比CK增加120 μmol·mol^-1（C1）和200 μmol·mol^-1 （C2）3个水平,氮肥设置低氮（N1,15 g·m^-2）和常规氮肥（N2,25 g·m^-2）2个水平,试验共6种处理。结果表明：在相同施氮水平下,在灌浆期和蜡熟期,C1N1比CKN1处理的呼吸速率分别下降了23.4%（P=0.045）和49.1%（P=0.010）;在抽穗期和灌浆期,C2N2比CKN2处理的呼吸速率分别升高了12.3%（P=0.009）和16.8%（P=0.047）。同一CO₂浓度下,不同施氮水平处理的呼吸速率表现为N2＞N1,且在拔节期和抽穗期达到显著水平,在灌浆期达到极显著水平;其中在灌浆期和蜡熟期,C1N1比 C1N2处理的呼吸速率分别下降了 31.1%（P=0.004）和 42.7%（P=0.010）。研究表明,大气CO₂浓度升高对稻田呼吸速率的影响因生育时期而异,氮肥减施可以降低稻田呼吸速率及CO₂累积释放量。     

Optimizing yield,water requirements,and water productivity of aerobic rice for the North China Plain

Water resources for agriculture are rapidly declining in the North China Plain because of increasing industrial and domestic use and because of decreasing rainfall resulting from climate change. Water-efficient agricultural technologies need to be developed. Aerobic rice is a new crop production system in which rice is grown in nonflooded and nonsaturated aerobic soil, just like wheat and maize. Although an estimated 80,000 ha are cultivated with aerobic rice in the plain, there is little knowledge on obtainable yields and water requirements to assist farmers in improving their management. We present results from field experiments with aerobic rice variety HD297 near Beijing, from 2002 to 2004. The crop growth simulation model ORYZA2000 was used to extrapolate the experimental results to different weather conditions, irrigation management, and soil types. We quantified yields, water inputs, water use, and water productivities. On typical freely draining soils of the North China Plain, aerobic rice yields can reach 6–6.8 t ha⁻¹, with a total water input ranging between 589 and 797 (rainfall = 477 m and water application = 112–320 mm). For efficient water use, the irrigation water can be supplied in 2–4 applications and should aim at keeping the soil water tension in the rootzone below 100–200 kPa. Under those conditions, the amount of water use by evapotranspiration was 458–483 mm. The water productivity with respect to total water input (irrigation plus rainfall) was 0.89–1.05 g grain kg⁻¹ water, and with respect to evapotranspiration, 1.28–1.42 g grain kg⁻¹ water. Drought around flowering should be avoided to minimize the risk of spikelet sterility and low grain yields. The simulations suggest that, theoretically, yields can go up to 7.5 t ha⁻¹ and beyond. Further research is needed to determine whether the panicle (sink) size is large enough to support such yields and/or whether improved management is needed.     

怀山药的研究现状及其发展的几点建议

概述了栽培技术、生物技术、生态环境等对怀山药产量和品质影响方面的研究进展;并在此基础上,为怀山药的可持续利用提出建议。认为环境气象因子(气温、空气湿度、降水、日照、土壤温度、土壤湿度等)与山药产量和品质的相关关系的建立、适宜种植区精细化区划指标及模型的建立、气象灾害以及风险评估等方面是今后怀山药研究的重点。     

麦田CO_2通量、热通量特征分析

为了评价麦田生态系统CO2通量和热通量变化特征以及CO2的收支状况,利用郑州农业气象试验站2009年10月-2010年6月冬小麦生育期内涡度观测数据,分析了麦田CO2通量、热通量变化特征。结果表明:净辐射、潜热通量、显热通量和土壤热通量日变化表现为明显的单峰特征,最大值一般出现在正午前后。其中,净辐射通量、显热通量和土壤热通量的季节变化特征较为一致,均为苗期<中期<后期;潜热通量受到叶面积指数(LAI)的影响,季节变化特征为苗期<后期<中期;CO2的季节变化特征受到LAI、热通量和下垫面特征的共同影响,形成1个CO2吸收高峰的U型曲线,季节变化特征为前期<后期<中期。冬小麦农田CO2、热通量具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,麦田生态系统总体表现为CO2的汇。     

Modeling acclimation of leaf photosynthesis to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

In this study, we developed and analyzed a new model for the simulation of photosynthetic active nitrogen (N_P) turnover dynamics in crops and assessed its impact on the acclimation of canopy photosynthesis to atmospheric CO₂ enrichment. Typical canopy models assume a vertical exponential decline of light interception following the Beer–Lambert law and vertical distributions of leaf N_P contents directly proportional to the light distribution. This assumption is often inconsistent with experimental observations. We therefore modified and extended the photosynthesis model of the GECROS crop model to consider the trade-off that occurs between the use of degraded N_P for plant growth and the synthesis of new N_P. This model extension thus enabled the examination of the CO₂-induced down-regulation of photosynthesis hypothesis using a crop model. The simulation results of the original and modified GECROS model were compared and evaluated based upon measurements of field-grown spring wheat. The modified GECROS model better simulated the dynamics of crop growth under varying atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Furthermore, the application of different temperature functions to N_P degradation strongly influenced the simulation results, revealing the necessity for improving the understanding of the temperature dependence of N_P turnover for different crop species and varieties. In conclusion, the redistribution of nitrogen within the plant and its alternative use either for growth or the optimization of the photosynthetic apparatus is an important mechanism for crop growth acclimation to regionally changing climatic conditions and in particular, atmospheric CO₂ enrichment.     

气候变化对北方冬麦区冬小麦生育期的影响

利用北方冬麦区18个农业气象观测站1983-2005年气象资料和冬小麦生育期观测资料,采用统计分析方法,分析了该区域气象因素和冬小麦生育期变化特征,以及气候变化对生育期的影响。结果表明：1983-2005年,北方冬麦区降水量、日照时数和日较差的变化趋势不明显;而气温呈明显增加,以冬春季增加最为明显,最低气温的增幅较大;从总体上看,冬小麦播种期和返青期的变化趋势不明显,抽穗期和成熟期分别以0.46d/a和0.27d/a的趋势显著提前;在空间分布上,播种期和返青期的变化趋势差异不显著,而抽穗期和成熟期差异显著,特别是抽穗期表现出随纬度增加提前趋势变小的特点。相关分析表明：冬小麦关键生育期均表现为与日照时数和日较差呈显著正相关;与气温均呈显著负相关;除成熟期与5月降水总量相关性不显著外,其余均表现出显著负相关;从整体上看,最低气温升高是北方冬麦区冬小麦生育期提前的主要原因。北方冬麦区以气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化特征较为明显,其对冬小麦生育期的影响较为显著,研究结果可为北方冬麦区的农作物生产积极应对气候变化提供参考依据。