调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验研究了苗期调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律和水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:调亏处理蚕豆在苗期、拔节期及花荚期需水量减少,叶面积、蒸腾速率和光合速率下降,在鼓粒成熟期则相对增加,作物的总需水量减少.叶面积、蒸腾速率和棵间蒸发减少是调亏灌溉需水量降低的主要原因.调亏灌溉能够延缓鼓粒期叶片衰老,提高光合速率,使光合同化物向籽粒分配的比例增加,提高水分生产效率.     

Yield and water consumption characteristics of wheat/maize intercropping with reduced tillage in an Oasis region

Higher irrigation quota for conventional farming causes substantial conflicts between water supply and demand in agriculture, and wind erosion near soil surface is one of the major causes of farmland degradation and desertification in arid areas. This research investigated the effect of the amounts of irrigation in combination with tillage practices on soil evaporation (E), water consumption (ET) characteristics, and grain yield performance and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in strip planting in an Oasis region. The field experiment, conducted at Wuwei station during 2008–2010, had two tillage systems (reduced tillage with wheat stubble retention vs. conventional tillage without stubble retention), and three (low, medium, and high) levels of irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Averaged across three years, soil evaporation with medium and high levels of irrigation was 6.8% and 5.4% greater than that with low level of irrigation, respectively. Total water consumption of wheat/maize crops under the medium and high irrigation levels was 8.5% and 18.5% greater, respectively, than that under low irrigation. However, grain yields were similar under the medium and high levels of irrigation, so was WUE. The effect of tillage on the wheat/maize intercropping was inconsistent across years or among treatments: soil moisture at harvest was 3.0–7.6% greater in the fields with reduced tillage compared with those with conventional tillage in 2008 and 2009, but no difference was found in 2010; the E/ET ratio of reduced tillage was 9% lower than the ratio under conventional tillage in 2008, 3% higher in 2010, but no difference between the two tillage systems in 2009. Across three years, there was a general trend that the WUE of the wheat/maize intercropping system with reduced tillage was greater (by 4–11%) than that with conventional tillage. We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.     

调亏对春播蚕豆产量及其构成因素的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区,通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对蚕豆产量的影响及产量构成要素的变化,并对蚕豆籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:苗期或拔节期轻度缺水可增产14.05%和9.09%,节水4.14%和10.92%;苗期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期重度缺水使蚕豆单株粒重较对照分别下降9.5%、9.8%、22.3%和16.0%,百粒重较对照分别下降10.2%、6.0%、3.1%和7.0%,轻度缺水处理的百粒重均高于对照和重度缺水处理;蚕豆以苗期进行水分胁迫对提高收获指数的贡献最大;通过对产量构成因素的分析发现单株粒数、单株荚数和单株粒重是构成蚕豆产量的主要因素。     

免储水灌施用保水剂注水播种对玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

在民勤绿洲通过大田试验研究了免储水灌施用保水剂注水播种对春玉米产量的影响及其构成要素的变化,并对玉米籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明,施用保水剂量2.5 g/m2或采用保水剂拌种注水播种处理较常规灌溉处理可增产17.77%和15.13%,节水18.76%和13.92%,增收26.37%和15.73%,上述指标在各处理中均处于较高值,且与常规灌溉处理相比均呈现极显著差异(p0.01)。玉米穗粒重、穗重和穗长是构成产量的主要因素,而玉米秃尖长、百粒重和穗行数的大小几乎不影响玉米产量,因此,通过增加玉米穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重、穗重是提高玉米籽粒产量和生物产量的可行途径。     

甘肃水利现代化进程初步评价

改革开放以来，甘肃水利取得了前所未有的成就，现代化程度不断提高，为甘肃经济社会的全面、协调和可持续发展创造了良好的基础条件。利用有关学者提出的研究方法，对甘肃水利现代化进程进行了初步评价。结果表明，甘肃水利现代化综合实现程度为43.9%，接近2000年的全国平均水平，较之目前还有5～7年的差距。因此，甘肃水利建设的任务仍然十分艰巨。     

Frost heave prevention measures for canal linings in China

Since the late 1970s, much experimental work has been carried out on the prevention of frost heave in canal linings in China. This paper presents the main research findings and engineering practices on this topic. After discussing the unevenly distributed heaving deformation on the canal section and the effect of soil moisture on the frost heave of the canal subsoil, the paper describes the measures taken in China to prevent the frost damage, including the proper selection of the canal alignment, the appropriate types of the cross section and the lining structures, the subsoil replacement with sand-gravel, the adoption of double lining (placing a membrane under the concrete slabs), the utilization of the insulation material and the prevention measures related to O & M. All these measures should be adopted in accordance with the local conditions.Abbreviations FHR Frost heave ratio, equal to h/H, where h is the amount of frost heave, H is the frozen depth - RR Subsoil replacement ratio, equal to T/H, where T is the thickness of the replacement, H is the maximum frozen depth - URFD Unit reduction of the frozen depth, equal to H/d, where H is the reduction of the frost penetration, d is the thickness of the insulation board     

春小麦免储水灌全膜覆盖穴播与保水剂配合节水技术研究

通过对甘肃河西地区春小麦免储水灌全膜覆盖穴播与保水剂配合节水技术的试验研究,测定了春小麦地土壤水分变化规律、小麦耗水规律及产量效应,分析配套施用保水剂对春小麦地土壤水分的影响。研究结果表明,在河西地区,小麦采用免储水灌全膜覆盖施用保水剂穴播技术能有效地减少农田在休闲期的土壤蒸发量,提高农田的水分利用效率,可减少首次灌水量30mm,全生育期耗水量减少80.0mm,节水16.60%,增产4.37%,水分利用效率提高21.70%。     

石羊河流域高效混合灌溉系统组装配套技术研究

通过对石羊河流域井灌区喷灌、滴灌、管灌等高效节水技术与变频调速技术配套,进行各灌溉技术间流量与压力协调,形成高效混合灌溉系统组装配套技术,解决了当地灌水方式与种植结构调整之间的矛盾,改善了加压设备和灌溉设备的工作条件,延长了水泵及喷滴管灌系统的使用寿命,达到了节能降耗、节水高效的目的。     

调亏条件下春播蚕豆生长动态及其产量效应

通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉条件下春播蚕豆的生长动态及其产量效应,结果表明:蚕豆各生育期缺水后株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量较对照均有较大幅度下降,轻度缺水处理株高较对照最大下降分别为18.3%,21.4%,14.4%,0.4%,各生育期叶面积指数较对照最大下降分别为16.8%,21.7%,13.2%,20.8%,各生育期干物质积累量较对照最大下降分别为22.86%,25.71%,14.14%,10.56%;重度缺水处理各生育期株高较对照最大下降分别为32.3%,15.4%,24.1%,1.99%,各生育期叶面积指数较对照最大下降分别为8.6%,34.8%,34.0%,23.1%,干物质积累量较对照最大下降分别为42.86%,37.14%,28.28%,15.00%。另外随着缺水程度的加剧蚕豆株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量较对照降低越明显,这种降低趋势不但出现在缺水阶段,而且在后续生育阶段也出现降低趋势。同时蚕豆在拔节期或苗期或花荚期轻度缺水不仅没降低产量,而是增产14.05%,9.09%和8.26%,且节水4.14%,10.92%和5.27%,说明在蚕豆实际生产中应采取苗期轻度缺水,其余阶段为充分灌溉,或拔节...     

生态水利学研究进展

生态水利是人类未来水资源利用的一种途径和方式,对于生态水利学涵义及其理论与实践方面的研究,国内外专家、学者已做了大量工作并取得了卓有成效的结果.在介绍上述成果的同时探讨了推进生态水利建设的措施,并对生态水利未来的发展进行了展望.