辽西半干旱区玉米大豆间作对作物产量及水分利用的影响

为探明玉米大豆间作的作物增产、土地生产力提升和水分高效利用机理,优化辽西半干旱区适宜的玉米大豆间作模式,于2018−2019年在国家农业环境阜新观测实验站,采用田间定位试验方法,设置了玉米大豆间作2行﹕2行（M2S2）、4行﹕4行（M4S4）、6行﹕6行（M6S6）,玉米单作（M）和大豆单作（S）5种种植模式,研究玉米大豆间作对作物产量、土地生产力、土壤水分空间分布及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,5种单、间作模式作物总产量表现为M＞M6S6＞M4S4＞M2S2＞S,间作模式中作物对总产量的贡献率表现为玉米＞大豆,玉米贡献率为79.0%～87.3%,大豆贡献率为12.7%～21.0%;M6S6和M4S4间作模式土地当量比（LER）分别为1.13～1.19和1.06～1.07,均具有间作产量优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强;M2S2间作模式土地当量比（LER）小于1,表现为间作劣势;土壤水分空间分布结果表明,0−50cm土层间作玉米与大豆存在水分竞争,60−100cm土层玉米和大豆存在水分互补;3种间作模式均提高了单位面积的玉米水分利用效率,除M6S6间作模式外,M4S4和M2S2间作模式均降低了大豆水分利用效率;M6S6和M4S4间作模式水分当量比（WER）分别为1.18～1.21和1.05～1.06,水分生产力提高5%～21%,均具有间作水分利用优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强,M2S2间作模式水分当量比（WER）为0.99～1.01,间作水分利用优势不显著。综合分析认为,玉米大豆间作模式中M6S6间作产量优势和水分利用优势最强,能够显著提高农田土地生产力和水分利用效率,在辽西半干旱区农业生产中具有更好的应用价值。     

An SNP downstream of the OsBEIIb gene is significantly associated with amylose content and viscosity properties in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Allele mining in starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) has facilitated the discovery of desired natural sequence variations for eating quality in rice. This study investigated the sequence variations from 10 SSRGs, and further evaluated their relationship with the amylose content (AC) and rapid viscosity analysis profiles in a global collection of rice accessions by association mapping (AM). In total, 83 sequence variations were found in 10 sequenced amplicons, including 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), eight insertion-deletions (InDels) and two polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Four subpopulations were identified by population structure analysis based on 170 genome-wide SSR genotypes. AM revealed 11 significant associations between three phenotypic indices and three sequence variations. One SNP with a g/c transversion at the 63rd nucleotide downstream of the OsBEIIb gene termination codon on rice chromosome 2 was significantly associated with multiple trait indices in both the general linear and mixed linear models (GLM and MLM), including the final viscosity (p < 0.001, R² = 23.87%) in both 2009 and 2010, and AC (p < 0.01, R² = 11.25%) and trough viscosity (p < 0.01, R² = 20.43) in 2010. This study provides a new perspective of allele mining for breeding strategies based on marker-assisted selection.     

晚熟苹果新品种‘华蜜’

苹果新品种‘华蜜’是以‘金冠’作母本，‘华富’作父本，杂交选育而成。果实圆锥形，果形指数1.1，平均单果质量220 g；果皮鲜红色，底色黄绿色，果面较光滑，果点中大；果肉较细，淡黄色，肉质松脆多汁，去皮硬度7.5 kg • cm-2，可溶性固形物含量17.5%，口感香甜，有香味，品质上等。果实生育期168 d左右，属晚熟品种，在辽宁省兴城地区10月下旬成熟，产量32 t • hm-2。     

壮秧剂对寒地超级稻龙稻5号秧苗素质及产量提高的作用

以寒地超级稻龙稻5号为供试品种,在寒地早春大棚旱育秧条件下,研究了不同壮秧剂及用量对水稻秧苗素质及本田产量构成的影响,旨在探讨适龄、健壮、适合机插秧苗群体在苗期的调控措施,为黑龙江地区培育高质量的秧苗提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明：施用壮秧剂处理秧苗地上部鲜、干重,株高,叶片最大长度、宽度及面积,叶挺长、叶龄,苗基宽,本田最终分蘖和穗结实率均显著大于对照处理（不使用壮秧剂）。研究结果还表明,壮秧剂施入后增产的主要原因是显著提高了穗数和二次枝梗结实率。此外,处理3（育苗伴侣每育秧钵盘使用12g,用机插秧专用拌种剂旱育保姆包衣水稻种子后,直接播种）、处理 4（育苗伴侣每育秧钵盘使用12g,用机插秧专用拌种剂旱育保姆包衣水稻种子后,浸种催芽播种）秧苗根干重、根冠比均显著大于其他处理（根冠比CK除外）;处理5（三金壮秧剂当地用量,每育秧钵盘使用41.6g,水稻种子浸种催芽播种）叶长和株高显著大于其他处理,但其充实度小于处理1（育苗伴侣每盘使用15g,水稻种子浸种催芽播种）、处理2（育苗伴侣每盘使用12g,水稻种子浸种催芽播种）、处理3、处理4,且与处理3、处理4差异显著。     

短枝型苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a 及其启动子克隆和表达分析

 以短枝型富士苹果‘龙富短枝’（Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Longfu Duanzhi’）枝条为试材, 采用RT-PCR 结合RACE 技术,克隆获得苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a,GenBank 基因数据库的登录号 为JF516247。该基因编码区共1 035 bp,推测其编码345 个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,其具有HSL 基因家族的保守氨基酸结构域HGG 和GXSXG,与其它植物赤霉素受体基因具有较高的同源性。其启动 子序列包含植物激素和光等响应元件。实时定量qRT-PCR 分析表明,MdGID1a 在短枝型‘龙富短枝’和 普通型‘长富2 号’枝条不同生长阶段、在叶片、枝条、果实、花和叶芽中的表达水平存在明显差异。 苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a 在短枝型苹果枝条伸长过程中具有一定的调控作用。     

17份食用向日葵杂交种苗期抗旱性综合评价

以17份食葵杂交种为试材,采用1/2 Hoagland营养液水培的方式,以PEG-6000模拟干旱,分析苗期根系形态和生物量对干旱胁迫的响应,并对食葵杂交种的抗旱能力进行综合评价。结果表明:苗期食葵根系形态指标受干旱影响程度要高于生物量,根系形态各指标受干旱影响程度顺序为:根体积根平均直径根尖数总根长根表面积,生物量各指标受干旱影响顺序为:地上部干重根冠比整株干重根干重。Con15的综合抗旱能力D值为0.58,综合抗旱能力最强,而Con13的综合抗旱能力D值为0.25,综合抗旱能力最弱。总根长、根干重、整株干重、根尖数和根表面积与综合抗旱能力D值呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.81、0.70、0.66、0.63和0.60,地上部干重与综合抗旱能力D值呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.58。苗期综合抗旱能力较强的食葵杂交种为Con15、Con03、Con16和Con14。     

Seasonal changes in the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on dry matter production and distribution of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

It is reported that stimulating effect of elevated atmospheric [CO₂] on photosynthesis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is likely to be reduced during the plant growth period. However, there is little information on seasonal changes in dry matter (DM) production and distribution of rice under elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. A free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001–2003, using Wuxiangging 14, a japonica cultivar. The rice was grown at ambient or elevated (ca. 200 μmol mol⁻¹ above ambient) [CO₂] and supplied with 25 g N m², which is the normal N application rate for local farmers. DM accumulation of rice in FACE plots was significantly increased by 40, 30, 22, 26 and 16% on average at tillering, panicle initiation (PI), heading, mid-ripening and grain maturity, respectively. Rice DM production under FACE was significantly enhanced by 41, 27, 15 and 38% on average during the growth periods from transplanting to tillering (Period 1), tillering to PI (Period 2), PI to heading (Period 3) and heading to mid-ripening (Period 4), respectively, but significantly decreased by 25% in the period from mid-ripening to grain maturity (Period 5). In general, seasonal changes in crop response to FACE in both green leaf area index (GLAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) followed a similar pattern to that of the DM production. Under FACE the leaves decreased significantly in proportion to the total above-ground DM over the season, the stems showed an opposite trend, while the spikes depended on crop development stage: showing no change at heading, significant increase (+4%) at mid-ripening and significant decrease (−3%) at grain maturity. Grain yield was stimulated by an average of 13% by FACE, due to increased total DM production rather than any changes in partitioning to the grain. We conclude that the gradual acclimation of rice growth to elevated [CO₂] do not occur inevitably, and it could also be altered by environmental conditions (e.g., cultivation technique).     

西南冷凉高地苹果最大可能生育期内气候生产潜力评价 ——以云南昭通为例

基于云南昭通1958−2019年逐日气象观测数据、1978−2018年苹果种植统计数据和2010−2018年果园生产调查和观测数据,采用线性趋势分析、逐级订正等方法,探讨云南昭通苹果最大可能生育期内农业气候资源和农业气象灾害的变化特征,估算当地气候生产潜力,以高效合理利用农业气候资源、科学布局苹果产业。结果表明：（1）1958−2019年,云南昭通无霜期、稳定通过10℃的持续时间分别显著增加3.5d和4.5d,理论上能满足苹果生育所需,但昭通苹果花芽膨大期与终霜日和稳定通过10℃起始日期不匹配,成熟期与初霜日和稳定通过10℃终止日期不匹配。（2）根据云南昭通2010−2018年苹果实际生育期,明确了当地苹果最大可能生育期为稳定通过3℃起始日期−稳定通过13℃终止日期。1958−2019年,云南昭通苹果最大可能生育期内平均最低气温、平均气温和平均最高气温分别为11.8、16.1和22.6℃,分别以0.1、0.04和0.05℃·10a−1的速率增加;气温日较差平均为10.89℃,以0.2℃·10a−1的速率减少。降水量和日照时数分别以1.0mm·10a−1和6.7h·10a−1的速率减少。（3）过去62a,云南昭通苹果花期低温发生风险较低,不是当地苹果生长期内的主要农业气象灾害,连阴雨发生风险较高,且主要分布在苹果关键生育期6−9月。（4）在当地气候背景下,苹果最高理论产量约为94t·hm−2,光温、气候生产潜力分别占光合生产潜力的83.0%和76.0%,研究期内昭通果园实际产量仅为光合生产潜力的35.0%,统计产量仅为光合生产潜力的10.0%。随着技术进步和品种选育,果园实际产量与生产潜力的差距逐渐缩小。云南昭通气象条件能充分满足苹果生长发育,通过合理、高效栽植技术应用及对农业气候资源的充分挖掘,可进一步提高苹果产量,提升品质。     

Intercropping corn with soybean,lupin and forages: yield component responses

Intercropping systems influence yield variables of the component crops, such as harvest index, hundred seed weight, number of reproductive organs and number of seeds, within each reproductive unit. Two experiments were carried out at each of two sites during 1993 and 1994. The first experiment investigated the effects of seeding soybean or lupin alone or in combination with one of three forages (annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.; red clover, Trifolium pratense L.) with corn on the yield components of corn, soybean and lupin. The second experiment examined the effects of seeding date (simultaneous with corn or 3 weeks later) and number of rows of large seeded legumes (one or two) seeded between the corn rows. Corn grain yield was generally not affected by any intercrop treatment, although in 1993 some simultaneously seeded treatments resulted in decreased yields. Soybean grain yield was decreased by most treatments, although some simultaneous seedings produced yields similar to soybean monocrops. Lupin grew poorly as an intercrop component, producing little or no grain. Corn harvest index was not affected by any intercrop treatments. Seeding corn and large-seeded legumes simultaneously resulted in decreases in corn hundred seed weights by as much as 6.6 g compared with the monocropped corn. In 1993 (a year with normal precipitation levels), the hundred seed weight and number of seeds per soybean pod were decreased by intercropping, although the harvest index was not affected. In a high precipitation year (1994), the soybean harvest index was decreased by intercropping, but not the seed components. The underseeded forages, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and red clover, had no effect on yields or yield components of the other intercropped species.