黑果枸杞茎叶生长及其生态化学计量特征对灌水施肥的响应

在石羊河中游田间条件下,通过灌水和施肥调节黑果枸杞生长。测定不同时期黑果枸杞茎、叶生长量及其化学计量学特征变化,分析器官水平生长速率与化学计量学特征的关系,验证生态化学计量学理论"生长速率假说"。灌水施肥显著促进了茎长、基径和叶片长、宽及叶干重的生长(P<0.05),而茎长、基径、叶面积和叶干重的相对生长速率与对照之间无显著差异。各处理下黑果枸杞新梢C含量及C∶N、C∶P随生育期进程呈增加趋势,而N、P及N∶P呈降低趋势;灌水和施肥处理后茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,茎N、P含量高于对照。各处理叶片C、N、P含量在生育期内呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P及N∶P呈增加趋势;灌水和施肥后叶片C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,叶片N、P含量高于对照。茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P显著高于叶片(P<0.05),而N、P含量及N∶P显著低于叶片(P<0.05)。生长速率假说认为,生物个体的生长速率与体内的N∶P、C∶P具有负相关关系,与N、P含量呈显著的正相关关系。各处理黑果枸杞茎、叶的生长速率与其N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P总体相关性不显著。表明施肥灌水调节下黑果枸杞茎叶生长及化学计量学特征不支持生长速率假说。     

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。     

河西走廊农地适度经营规模计量研究——基于578农户调查的研究

研究适度农地经营规模确定方法并合理确定河西走廊农地适度经营规模。运用生产函数模型对农户劳均经营规模和户均经营规模进行计量分析。研究结果:1)河西地区农业生产处于规模报酬递减阶段。2)在劳动力、资本和土地三大投入要素中,土地对产量的贡献最大。3)现有技术条件下,河西地区劳均最优规模和户均最优规模均远远大于现有规模。研究结论:加快土地流转和剩余劳动力转移促进农地规模经营。     

基于RS和GIS的区域土地利用动态变化及演变趋势分析

以山丹县1985年和2000年TM系列遥感数据为主要数据源,采用国家农委的土地利用现状分类系统,通过GIS空间分析技术,从土地利用类型的面积变化、空间变化和质量变化等方面定量分析了研究区域15年间土地利用的时空变化情况。在此基础上,利用Mark-ov模型,对该区域未来30年内的土地利用动态变化及演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明:15年间研究该区域的土地利用的基本特征表现为:耕地、水域和未利用土地总量增加,其中水域和未利用土地增幅较大;林地、草地、和城乡居住建设用地总量减少,其中草地和林地下降最快,草地植被利用过渡或退化较为严重,水资源利用态势更加严峻,耕地的稳定性较强,其它类型土地的稳定性较差。未来30年内该区域的土地利用变化基本趋势是:耕地、水域面积、未利用土地将持续增加,城乡居住建设用地增长缓慢,林地、草地将持续减少。增加的耕地和未利用土地将主要来源于草地和林地植被的人为减少或自然退化,生态环境将趋于恶化。     

Yield and water consumption characteristics of wheat/maize intercropping with reduced tillage in an Oasis region

Higher irrigation quota for conventional farming causes substantial conflicts between water supply and demand in agriculture, and wind erosion near soil surface is one of the major causes of farmland degradation and desertification in arid areas. This research investigated the effect of the amounts of irrigation in combination with tillage practices on soil evaporation (E), water consumption (ET) characteristics, and grain yield performance and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in strip planting in an Oasis region. The field experiment, conducted at Wuwei station during 2008–2010, had two tillage systems (reduced tillage with wheat stubble retention vs. conventional tillage without stubble retention), and three (low, medium, and high) levels of irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Averaged across three years, soil evaporation with medium and high levels of irrigation was 6.8% and 5.4% greater than that with low level of irrigation, respectively. Total water consumption of wheat/maize crops under the medium and high irrigation levels was 8.5% and 18.5% greater, respectively, than that under low irrigation. However, grain yields were similar under the medium and high levels of irrigation, so was WUE. The effect of tillage on the wheat/maize intercropping was inconsistent across years or among treatments: soil moisture at harvest was 3.0–7.6% greater in the fields with reduced tillage compared with those with conventional tillage in 2008 and 2009, but no difference was found in 2010; the E/ET ratio of reduced tillage was 9% lower than the ratio under conventional tillage in 2008, 3% higher in 2010, but no difference between the two tillage systems in 2009. Across three years, there was a general trend that the WUE of the wheat/maize intercropping system with reduced tillage was greater (by 4–11%) than that with conventional tillage. We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.     

不同耕作措施下旱作农田土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征

以连续进行12年的保护性耕作长期定位试验为研究对象,探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田豌豆-小麦双序列轮作系统的土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响。结果表明:各处理均以≥0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,且≥0.25 mm团聚体含量随土层深度增加而增加,而其他粒径团聚体含量随土层深度的变化并无明显规律。较之T处理,TS、NT、NTS处理均可提升≥0.25 mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径,NTS处理提升效果最明显。TS、NT、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于T处理,其中TS、NTS处理显著高于T处理,NTS处理高于TS处理;各处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均随土层增加而减小。较之T处理,NT、TS、NTS处理可不同程度提高各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,NTS处理的含量最高;各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小;同时,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随粒径减小而增加。2~5 mm和0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应粒径团聚体有机碳含量呈极显著正相关、极显著正相关和极显著负相关;0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应级别团聚体全氮含量分别呈极显著正相关和显著负相关。T处理不同粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率按其大小排序均为(0.25 mm)(≥5 mm)(0.25~2 mm)(2~5 mm),其他3种耕作措施各粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率在各土层中的排序各有不同,并无明显规律。     

Ability of different plant species to promote microbiological processes in semiarid soil

In semiarid climate soils, the establishment of a plant cover is fundamental to avoid degradation and desertification processes. A better understanding of the ability of plants to promote soil microbial processes in these conditions is necessary for successful soil reclamation. Six different plant species were planted in a semiarid soil, in order to know which species are the most effective for the reclamation of semiarid areas. Six years after planting, the rhizosphere soils were studied by measuring chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and other carbon fractions), physical (% of saggregates), microbiological (microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration), and biochemical (dehydrogenase, phosphatase, β-glucosidase and urease activities) parameters. In general, in all the soil–plant systems plant nutrients, organic matter and microbial activity increased compared to the control soil. For some species, such as Rhamnus lycioides, the increase in the total organic carbon content (TOC) in the rhizosphere zone was almost 200%. A positive correlation was found between TOC and water-soluble carbon (p<0.001); both parameters were negatively correlated with electrical conductivity. Microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were highest in the rhizosphere of Stipa tenacissima (98% and 60%, respectively, of increase on soil control values) and Rosmarinus officinalis (94% and 51%, respectively, of increase on soil control values). These microbiological parameters were correlated with the percentage of stable aggregates (p<0.01). Enzyme activities were affected by the rhizosphere, their values depending on the shrub species.     

高寒灌丛与珠芽蓼草地土壤有机碳的稳定性

在高山草原带选择了以珠芽蓼为主要群落组成的草地、以金露梅为主要群落组成的灌丛和以柳+金露梅为主要群落组成的灌丛,研究土壤有机碳的生物稳定性.研究结果表明,在0~30 cm土层,金露梅灌丛平均土壤总有机碳含量显著低于珠芽蓼草地,但是与柳+金露梅灌丛之间差异不显著.金露梅灌丛和柳+金露梅灌丛土壤粗有机碳、热水溶性有机碳在土壤总有机碳中的比例以及矿化有机碳与微生物量有机碳的比值显著高于珠芽蓼草地.这些结果说明灌丛土壤有机碳的生物稳定性显著低于草本珠茅蓼草地,意味着在过度放牧、砍伐和开垦等人为干扰下灌丛土壤有机碳将更加容易降低.     

基于GIS的秦安县耕地地力评价单元划分

将数字化好的秦安县土壤图、土地利用现状图、行政区划图叠加求交生成耕地资源评价单元,并分别对评价单元数据层中实体面积小于7 000、15 000m2的小多边形进行合并及不合并多边形,从而对三种不同的小多边形合并方法产生的评价单元分别进行耕地地力评价结果比较。结果表明:以实体面积小于15 000 m2合并多边形得到的评价单元,由于评价单元面积较大,致使地貌类型作为评价因子的贡献率较小,从而影响评价结果,导致评价结果与实际情况存在较大差异;不合并多边形得到的评价单元,由于评价单元过小,定点测到的数据空间插值后不能具体到很小面积的区域上,从而影响评价结果。结论:地貌类型作为重要的参评因子及研究区域地域面积大小共同决定评价单元面积的大小。     

Arcgis支持下的农牧交错地带县域土地利用景观格局分析——以甘肃省康乐县为例

以甘肃省康乐县第2次土地调查Shape数据为源数据,在Arcgis的支持下,运用景观格局原理和Frag-states软件,综合利用各种斑块面积指数、斑块边界指数、斑块形状指数、斑块密度指数等指标,对甘肃省康乐县景观格局特征进行了定量分析.结果表明:康乐县的优势景观为耕地、林地和草地,分别占全区土地总面积的63.51%、12.48%和9.27%,其他景观类型呈补丁状分布;各景观类型面积大小差异较大,与人类活动有很大的关系;外界干扰影响了一系列斑块性质;研究区内景观类型发育成熟,景观类型较多且分布均匀,同时,景观结构较为简单,异质性较低,其多样性指数、均匀度指数和破碎化指数分别为1.560 3、0.520 8和0.032 4.