Spatio-temporal pattern evolution and spatial spillover effect of green development efficiency: Evidence from Shandong Province,China

Improving green development efficiency is urgently required, yet challenging, since it comprehensively reflects the bidirectional evolutionary relationship between regional development and resource and environmental consumption. The issue of regional green development efficiency has become a key topic; however, where the increase in efficiency originates and its spatial spillover effect remains unclear to date. Therefore, the spatial spillover effect of the green development efficiency of Shandong Province was quantified through the slack variable (SBM)-Undesirable and Spatial Durbin model. The green development efficiency showed clear spatial differentiation in Shandong Province. This was more obvious than the polarized development trend of the provincial capital circle that has Jinan at its core and the eastern coastal region with Qingdao at its core. Green development efficiency has a significant spatial spillover effect. The regression coefficient of the direct effect of the economic development level is positive. The regression coefficient of the indirect effect of the marketization level and government financial support level is negative. Science and technology played a positive role in the promotion of the green development efficiency of local and neighboring cities. This study contributes empirical evidence to the green development efficiency associated with regional development and resource and environment consumption of Shandong Province.     

Effects of the vegetation restoration years on soil microbial community composition and biomass in degraded lands in Changting County,China

We evaluated the effects of the number of years of restoration of vegetation on soil microbial community structure and biomass in degraded ecosystems.We investigated the microbial community structure by analyzing their phospholipid fatty acids then examined microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen by chloroform fumigation extraction of restoration soils over several years.The data were compared with those of highly degraded lands and native vegetation sites.The results show that the duration of vegetation on the sites substantially increased microbial biomass and shifted the microbial community structure even after only 4 years.However,microbial communities and biomass did not recover to the status of native vegetation even after 35 years of vegetation cover.A redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium,soil water content,silt content and soil hardness explained 98.4% of total variability in the microbial community composition.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium and soil water content were positively correlated with microbial community structure and biomass,whereas,soil hardness and silt content were negatively related to microbial community structure and biomass.This study provides new insights into microbial community structure and biomass that influence organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation,and clay content in soils at different stages of restoration.     

Quantifying production potentials of winter wheat in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the major winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producing areas in China. Current wheat yields in the NCP stabilize around 5 Mg ha⁻¹ while the demand for wheat in China is growing due to the increase in population and the change in diet. Since options for area expansion of winter wheat are limited, the production per unit of area need to be increased. The objective of this study is to quantify the production potential of winter wheat in the NCP taking into account the spatial and temporal variability caused by climate. We use a calibrated crop growth simulation model to quantify wheat yields for potential and water-limited production situations using 40 years of weather data from 32 meteorological stations in the NCP. Simulation results are linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitating their presentation and contributing to the identification of hotspots for interventions aimed at yield improvements. In the northern part of the NCP, average simulated potential yields of winter wheat go up to 9.7 Mg ha⁻¹, while average water-limited yields only reach 3 Mg ha⁻¹. In the southern part of the NCP, both average potential and water-limited yields are about 7.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Rainfall is the limiting factor to winter wheat yields in the northern part of the NCP, while in the southern part, the joint effect of low radiation and high temperature are major limiting factors. Temporal variation in potential yields throughout the NCP is low in contrast with the temporal variation in water-limited yields, which is especially great in the northern part. The study calls for the collection of location-specific and disaggregated irrigated and rainfed wheat yield statistics in the NCP facilitating the identification of hotspots for improvement of current wheat yields.     

基于熵权物元模型的皖江城市带土地生态安全评价

针对目前生态安全评价中信息屏蔽和主观性问题,运用熵权物元模型对皖江城市带的土地生态安全空间差异及其影响因子进行了研究。结果表明:(1)皖江城市带土地生态安全等级可划分为"向理想安全转化"、"向临界安全转化"、"向较不安全转化"、"向极不安全转化"4个等级,其中超过88%的区域处于临界安全及以下水平,土地生态安全整体状况不容乐观;(2)皖江城市带土地生态安全状态整体稳定性较差,对于外界的干扰较为敏感;(3)皖江城市带土地生态安全空间差异明显,西部优于东部,南部优于北部;(4)单位土地工业废水负荷、自然保护区面积比重、人均水资源量、经济密度、环保支出占GDP比重、森林覆盖率是造成皖江城市带土地生态安全空间差异的主要影响因子。从而得出结论:熵权物元模型既能反映评价对象的稳定状态,也可以揭示单个评价指标的分异,评价结果较为全面客观地反映了研究区域的土地生态安全状况。     

基于GIS的东北黑土区土壤侵蚀模数计算

为了监测及评估我国东北黑土区土壤侵蚀现状,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,应用CSLE模型,结合0.5 m分辨率的World View遥感影像,定量估算黑龙江省克山县古城小流域的土壤侵蚀量。结果表明:1)研究区的土壤侵蚀强度为轻度侵蚀,侵蚀区主要集中在该区的西北、东北和中南部地区;2)当坡度<20°时,土壤侵蚀程度较低,当坡度>20°时,土壤侵蚀较严重,此外坡度还能通过影响耕作措施的方式对土壤侵蚀强度产生间接作用,而水土保持措施因子和生物措施因子同样对土壤侵蚀区的分布范围及强度影响较大。研究结果对我国东北地区防治水土流失、减少河流泥沙、改善和恢复黑土肥力具有重要意义。     

城市堤防漫决模拟——以哈尔滨市松北区为例

洪水灾害是我国城市中发生较为频繁且破坏性较大的自然灾害之一,阻碍城市可持续发展。针对已有研究中设定堤防一点漫决堤情景模拟方法较为单一的缺点,提出多点堤防漫决堤洪水演进方法。以哈尔滨市松北区为实证研究区,以水动力学方法为基础,以不规则网格为洪水灾害数值模型骨架,以一、二维非恒定流为洪水灾害数值模型控制方程,综合构建堤防多点同时漫决堤情景下洪水演进模型,并对研究区不同洪水频率情景进行模拟。研究结果表明,该方法可以较好地模拟多点破堤情景下,即0.5%频率、1%频率、2%频率的洪水演进及叠加效果,其中当破堤1 h后研究区最大淹没水深可达3 m以上,同时利用GIS空间可视化技术对研究结果进行可视化表达,为防洪规划设计提供决策依据。     

Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control

Spatial patterns in surface soil moisture during dry and wet weather conditions have been recorded over a 3.68 ha gully catchment in central Spain. During dry weather conditions this spatial pattern was characterised by areas of relatively wet and dry soil, forming a mosaic of areas with contrasting hydrological response. Semi-variogram analysis has indicated that these areas are spatially isolated and unconnected, with the effect that surface runoff from source areas within the catchment may be re-absorbed by surrounding areas which act as sinks for overland flow. Consequently during dry weather conditions, variation in the soil's physical and hydrological properties, as reflected by spatial differences in soil moisture, may be advantageous in minimising widespread catchment runoff and erosion, by creating spatial isolation of runoff producing areas and by promoting discontinuity in hydrological pathways. During wet weather conditions, however, extensive saturation, exceeding a catchment wetness threshold, increased spatial continuity in hydrological pathways, regardless of the spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties, resulting in widespread runoff and erosion. Management strategies should therefore aim to raise this wetness threshold value, by improving the soils physical and hydrological properties. The creation of a mosaic pattern of areas with contrasting hydrological response may prove to be an effective management strategy in runoff and erosion control in semi-arid environments.     

基于网格单元的乌鲁木齐市土地覆被/利用时空变化

随着城市化进程在全球范围内的快速推进,对城市区域土地覆被/土地利用变化产生影响。采用1990、2000和2011年3期Landsat TM5遥感数据,提取乌鲁木齐市土地覆被/土地利用信息,并将各期用地分类数据分别转入250 m×250 m的矢量网格单元,计算每个网格单元内各类用地面积占网格单元面积比例的变化,探讨乌鲁木齐市1990—2011年土地覆被/土地利用时空变化特征及驱动因素,并通过相关和回归分析,研究1990—2011年各用地类型之间相互转移和替代的关系。结果表明:1)1990—2011年乌鲁木齐市城市快速扩展,大面积裸地和绿地转化为建设用地,建设用地持续增加,从1990年157.37 km~2增加到2011年的444.89 km~2,裸地持续减少,绿地先减少后增加,水体则呈现缓慢增长的趋势。2)研究区内不同区域和方向由于受到地形条件、政策、城市规划以及道路交通网络等因素的影响,土地覆被/土地利用呈现出不同的时空变化趋势,建成区老城区内部呈现挖潜的集约式增长,外围则是蔓延式扩展。该研究对该地区城市建设和发展具有借鉴意义。     

Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soils in Yanqi County,Xinjiang, Northwest China

A total of 50 farmland soil samples were collected from the Yanqi County, Xinjiang, China, and the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by standard methods. The spatial distribution, pollution level and ecological risk status of heavy metals were analyzed based on GIS technology, the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Results indicated that: (1) The average contents of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn of farmland soils exceeded the background values of irrigation soils in Xinjiang by 1.5, 1.40, 1.33, 2.63, and 4.92 times, respectively. Cd showed a no-pollution level, Zn showed a partially moderate pollution level, Pb showed a slight pollution level, and Cr, Cu, As, Mn, and Ni showed no-pollution level, compared to the classification standard. The PLI values of heavy metal elements of farmland soils varied from 0.83 to 1.89, with an average value of 1.29, at the moderate pollution level. (2) The Individual Potential Ecological Risk Index for heavy metals in the study area was ranked in the order of: As > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr> Zn. The RI values of heavy metals of farmland soils varied from 3.45 to 11.34, with an average value of 6.13, at the low ecological risk level. (3) Cu and Mn of farmland soils were mainly originated from the soil parent material and topography of the study area. As, Cd, Ni and Pb were mainly originated from human activities, and Cr and Zn may originated from both natural and anthropogenic factors in the study area.     

基于小波分析的伊塞克湖水位变化特征

根据伊塞克湖1950—2010年期间的年平均水位资料,采用趋势分析和小波分析,对伊塞克湖年平均水位变化时间序列进行研究,从而揭示伊塞克湖水位变化的总体趋势和周期性变化规律。结果表明:（1） 1950—2010年期间,伊塞克湖水位总体呈下降趋势,共下降1.27 m,1950—1997年水位持续下降,1998年开始转为上升。（2） 20世纪90年代之前,人类活动是引起湖泊水位下降的主要驱动因子;20世纪90年代后,在全球气候变化的作用下,该地区降水量的增加影响到径流量的增加,从而引起湖泊水位的缓慢上升。（3） 1950—2010年间的周期性分析结果显示,伊塞克湖年平均水位存在21 a的主周期,并且2010年以后的一段时间伊塞克湖水位处于偏高时期。