水肥空间耦合对冬小麦光合特性的影响

在防雨棚管栽试验条件下,以品种“3279”为研究材料,通过7种不同处理来研究水肥空间耦合对冬小麦光合特性的影响,试验结果表明:不同的水肥耦合处理中,冬小麦的光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度有所不同,三者之间有很好的平衡关系。其中,深层施肥处理其小麦在生长后期能够维持较高的光合速率,但气孔导度却有所降低,有效地减少了水分散失,表现出很好的节水潜力。同样水分条件下维持同样高的光合速率时,深层施肥的肥上灌水与肥下灌水相比,其受水分影响小,叶绿素含量下降快。深施肥20 cm处灌水处理,在开花后小麦叶片光合作用最强,气孔导度小,细胞间隙CO2浓度高,具有更好的节水潜力。     

Effects of land-use on the activity and diversity of methane oxidizing bacteria in forest soils

Methane is an important greenhouse gas and CH₄ oxidation in soil represents a significant sink for this gas. High capacity CH₄ oxidation potentials and molecular profiles of CH₄ oxidizing bacteria in soil were compared for five land-use treatments at a fully replicated experimental site within the Gisburn Forest Experiment, to assess the effects of land-use on both the potential activity of CH₄ oxidizing bacteria and their diversity. Forestry land-use was found to have a highly significant effect on CH₄ oxidation potentials. Highest CH₄ oxidation potentials were found in soils collected under stands of oak, in grassland plots, and in one soil under Norway spruce. A negative relationship between soil water nitrate concentration and CH₄ oxidation capacity was evident across the experimental site, with the high nitrate soils under stands of alder exhibiting little or no capacity for CH₄ oxidation even at optimal temperature and water content. Molecular profiles indicated that a diverse range of bacteria with the potential to oxidize CH₄ were present in all soils, however no clear correlation with CH₄ oxidation potential was identified.     

Effects of humic acids on the growth of bacteria

The influence of humic acids of different origins on the growth of bacterial cultures of different taxa isolated from the soil and the digestive tracts of earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa)—habitats with contrasting conditions—was studied. More than half of the soil and intestinal isolates from the 170 tested strains grew on the humic acid of brown coal as the only carbon source. The specific growth rate of the bacteria isolated from the intestines of the earthworms was higher than that of the soil bacteria. The use of humic acids by intestinal bacteria confirms the possibility of symbiotic digestion by earthworms with the participation of bacterial symbionts. Humic acids at a concentration of 0.1 g/l stimulated the growth of the soil and intestinal bacteria strains (66 strains out of 161) on Czapek’s medium with glucose (1 g/l), probably, acting as a regulator of the cell metabolism. On the medium with the humic acid, the intestinal bacteria grew faster than the soil isolates did. The most active growth of the intestinal isolates was observed by Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas putida, Delftia acidovorans, Microbacterium terregens, and Aeromonas sp.; among the soil ones were the representatives of the Pseudomonas genus. A response of the bacteria to the influence of humic acids was shown at the strain level using the example of Pseudomonas representatives. The Flexom humin preparation stimulated the growth of the hydrocarbon-oxidizing Acinetobacter sp. bacteria. This effect can be used for creating a new compound with the elevated activity of bacteria that are destroyers of oil and oil products.     

干旱区山麓带植物群落特征指数与土壤因子关系初探

2007年10月,以干旱区山麓带新疆伊犁伊宁县金山地区28个样方调查资料为基础,选用Shan-non-Wiener和Si mpson综合多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Herlbert多样性指数(种间相遇几率PIE)以及Pielou均匀度指数和土壤电导率、土壤含水率、土壤pH、土壤全盐量以及各种盐分、土壤有机质、养分共19个土壤因子进行回归分析。结果表明:土壤平均含水率与Pielou均匀度指数二项式回归达显著相关(P=0.037),土壤平均pH与Shannon指数和Herlbert多样性指数的二项式回归均达显著水平(P=0.049,P=0.044),Herlbert多样性指数和Shannon指数与0-20cm土壤的全盐量直线回归有极显著相关性(P=0.003,P=0.005),与20-40cm土壤的全盐量直线回归有显著相关性(P=0.01,P=0.04),与土壤电导率的直线回归有极显著相关性(P=0.001,P=0.001),与0-20cm和20-40cm土壤HCO3-有显著相关性(P=0.03,P=0.015;P=0.047,P=0.05),与0-20cm Ca2+表现为极显著相关(P=0.001,P=0.001)与20-40cm Ca2+土壤显著相关(P=0.021,P=0.078),Shannon多样性指数与0-20cm土壤有机质含量有较显著相关性(P=0.048)。     

太行山前平原区作物-水分模型

依据田间试验数据,采用Jensen模型,研究了太行山前平原区冬小麦、夏玉米的作物—水分模型。结果表明,小麦在拔节期缺水敏感指数(iλ)最大,对缺水最为敏感;其次是孕穗至灌浆前期;而返青起身期间和灌浆后期iλ是负值,在这些生育期适当控制水分供应对产量更有利。对于夏玉米,每个生育期iλ均为正值,说明玉米任何生育期的水分亏缺最终均会对产量产生影响,特别是抽雄至灌浆前期,是对水分最敏感的时期。     

Plant production, and carbon and nitrogen source pools, are strongly intensified by experimental warming in alpine ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The aim of this study was to assess initial effects of warming on the nutrient pools of carbon and nitrogen of two most widespread ecosystem types, swamp meadow and alpine meadow, in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The temperature of the air and upper-soil layer was passively increased using open-top chambers (OTCs) with two different temperature elevations. We analyzed air and soil temperature, soil moisture, biomass, microbial biomass, and nutrient dynamics after 2 years of warming. The use of OTCs clearly raised temperature and decreased soil moisture. The aboveground plant and root biomass increased in all OTCs in two meadows. A small temperature increase in OTCs resulted in swamp meadow acting as a net carbon sink and alpine meadow as a net source, and further warming intensified this processes, at least in a short term. On balance, the alpine ecosystems in the Fenghuoshan region acted as a carbon source.     

Effects of cultivation on soil microbiological properties in a freshwater marsh soil in Northeast China

The Sanjiang Plain has become an intensive area of land use/cover change in China. However, little is known about the effect of cultivation on soil microbiological properties in this freshwater marsh ecosystem. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of cultivation on mineralizable, microbial biomass, and total C in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) was 4346 ± 309 mg kg⁻¹ in undisturbed marsh and 229 mg kg⁻¹ in soil cultivated for 15 years. Undisturbed marsh soil had the highest microbial quotient (3.64%), which declined with increasing cultivation time (R² = 0.97, p < 0.01). Metabolic quotient increased with increasing cultivation time. Soil C mineralization in undisturbed marsh was 3.5 times that in soil cultivated for 1 year, and was 12 times that in soil cultivated for 15 years. Cultivation strongly affected measured soil microbiological properties.     

利用DEM模型求算磨西台地堆积物体积

基于GIS的DEM模型,求算磨西台地堆积物的体积,为1.172×10⁹ m³.计算结果表明,采用可视化方法的计算结果与估算结果基本一致,该结果具有一定的参考价值,并对该方法的精度及注意问题进行了讨论.通过计算磨西台地的体积,可以定量分析当时冰川堆积和泥石流发生的强度,为进一步研究当时环境演变与台地的形成过程,提供有力的数据支持.     

Long-term litter decay in Canadian forests and the influence of soil microbial community and soil chemistry

Long-term rates of litter decay have been shown to be primarily influenced by temperature, moisture and litter quality. However, while decomposition is a biological process, the relative importance of microbial communities and other soil chemistry factors is not well understood. Our analysis examined long-term litter decay parameters, microbial community composition via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and soil organic horizon chemistry at 14 upland forested sites. Data were collected as part of the Canadian Intersite Decomposition Experiment (CIDET), a 12-year national litter decomposition experiment. Residual errors from a two-pool exponential decay model with decay rates modified by mean annual air temperature and moisture stress were compared to PLFA marker groups and chemistry variables. Residual errors were not well explained by soil PLFA marker group abundance or concentration, soil pH, nor soil C:N ratios. The best predictor of residual error was soil carbon percent (%C), with higher %C associated with slower than predicted decomposition.     

盐胁迫对盐地碱蓬种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度（0、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.2、1.8、2.8、3.6g/100ml）的盐溶液（土壤溶液、Na2SO4及NaCl）处理盐地碱蓬种子,以研究其在盐胁迫下的萌发及萌发后的生长情况,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应,为其栽培利用提供理论依据。实验结果表明,盐地碱蓬种子的萌发对盐渍生境的适应性很强,能耐受较高的盐胁迫。对其种子萌发的胁迫作用是NaCl>土壤溶液>Na2SO4。随着盐浓度的升高,种子的萌发率呈现不同程度的降低。盐胁迫解除后,盐地碱蓬种子仍具有较高的萌发力,发芽速度和整齐度提高。幼根和幼芽对不同种类盐胁迫表现出不同的反应,盐浓度对根的影响较大。经盐锻炼之后,盐地碱蓬幼苗恢复生长的能力提高。