青海省祁连圆柏天然林单木生物量模型构建

利用祁连圆柏整株生物量与生长指标数据，为估算祁连圆柏林的生物量估算提供参考。通过野外调查，共获取了63株祁连圆柏天然林样木生物量与生长指标实测数据。用其中50株样木数据进行回归模拟，用其余的13株样木数据对模型可靠性进行检验，构建器官生物量与生长指标间的回归模型。结果表明，祁连圆柏单木水平下，树干生物量模型的R²_adj为0.96，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.50、0.85和0.05；枝条生物量模型的R²_adj为0.897，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.69、0.80和-0.66；叶生物量模型的R²_adj为0.61，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.54、0.86和0.15；根生物量模型的R²_adj为0.93，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.12、0.997 和-0.01。在调查数据范围内构建的模型较好地反映了祁连圆柏生物量与生长指标间的关系，形式简单、使用方便；与实测值相比，树干与叶生物量模拟值偏小，枝和根偏大。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.     

陕西省高校图书馆文献信息资源共建与共享现状分析

对陕西省高校图书馆的文献资源建设和共享现状进行了调查,分析出资源共建共享存在的问题,提出了实现资源共建共享的对策。     

基于径向基神经网络的水轮机组故障诊断研究

针对传统意义的BP(B ack-P ropagated)神经网络在水轮机故障诊断中的不足,提出了一种基于径向基RBF(R ad ia l bas is function)神经网络的水轮机组故障诊断方法。实例应用表明,该方法克服了BP神经网络的不足,具有精度高、收敛快、可以避免局部极小值的优点;RBF神经网络收敛速度约是BP神经网络的40倍,并能准确地诊断出水轮机组的故障。     

气温骤降条件下混凝土面板温度应力及其保护措施研究

结合某在建的混凝土面板堆石坝,针对施工期日温差及发生寒潮等气温骤降情况,进行了气温骤降条件下面板温度场及温度应力的全过程仿真分析。结果表明,在气温骤降条件下,面板表面及中心的温度将随气温骤降的发生而持续降低,其中面板表面温度降幅最大;此时面板表面和中心均出现拉应力,面板表面的最大主应力大于面板中心的最大主应力;面板表面和中心的最大主应力均发生在高程约为坝高一半的位置。采取保护措施,可以明显削减气温骤降所产生的面板降温幅度及最大主应力增幅,保护措施越强其削减效果越明显。     

RBF神经网络在线学习方式及其在大坝位移监测中的应用

针对目前RBF神经网络训练算法存在的问题,提出了一种模拟人类学习方式的自动调整隐层节点数的在线训练方法,对其理论依据进行了分析,并用实例对其进行了验证。结果表明,此种学习方法速度快、拟合精度高、新旧知识均可记忆,克服了以往算法的不足,具有很大的实用性。     

砒砂岩地区小流域毛沟侵蚀特性分析

为探讨砒砂岩地区毛沟的形成机理,以内蒙鄂尔多斯市东一支沟小流域2005-05地形及毛沟特征要素详细测量数据为基础,分析了该流域的毛沟分布规律。结果表明,该流域毛沟数量和单位面积毛沟长度从下游到上游呈递增趋势;按毛沟的成因将其划分为自侵式毛沟和汇入式毛沟两类,并从毛沟数量、沟底比降、毛沟长度、沟底宽、沟深等方面分析了这两类毛沟的主要特征。研究结果有利于深化人们对砒砂岩地区小流域毛沟侵蚀特性的认识。     

层次分析法(AHP)的标度分析及其在水利工程评价中的应用

应用实例说明了1-9标度在应用时可能导致的一致性与思维一致性相脱节问题,并进一步分析了出现这种问题的原因。在此基础上,对层次分析法应用时所出现的标度进行了归纳和分析,并把评价准则的指标分为定性指标和定量指标两种情况进行讨论,提供了两种情况下构造判断矩阵的方法。对于定性指标·给出了构造两两比较判断矩阵时选用标度的建议;对于定量指标,构造了标度函数,并建立了定量准则下满足一致性要求的两两比较判断矩阵。