过氧化氢和甲醛对SPF级大鼠和小鼠繁殖室消毒效果观察

目的比较观察过氧化氢和甲醛对SPF级大鼠和小鼠繁殖室内表面、台面以及空气的消毒效果,选择消毒效果良好的消毒剂。方法采用空气落下菌检测法和表面细菌拭子检测法,对过氧化氢和甲醛熏蒸SPF级大鼠和小鼠繁殖室的消毒效果进行检测观察。结果SPF级大鼠和小鼠繁殖室分别经过氧化氢和甲醛熏蒸消毒后,进行空气落下菌的检测,过氧化氢和甲醛对大鼠繁殖室和小鼠繁殖室空气的杀菌率分别为100%、97.5%和100%、100%;将墙壁、地面和笼架表面的菌落数进行检测,过氧化氢和甲醛对大鼠繁殖室墙壁、地面和笼架的杀菌率分别为100%、99%、100%和95%、100%、99%,对小鼠繁殖室墙壁、地面和笼架的杀菌率均为100%。结论过氧化氢蒸汽消毒是比较理想的消毒方法,很好地控制了SPF级大鼠和小鼠繁殖室环境微生物,安全性高且消毒效果明显。     

结石通片对小鼠的急性毒性试验及其对乙二酰胺致大鼠肾结石的作用研究

[目的] 研究结石通片对小鼠的急性毒性作用,对健康大鼠的利尿作用,以及对乙二酰胺致大鼠肾结石的调节作用。[方法] 取ICR小鼠40只,雌、雄各半,随机分为对照组与给药组,每组20只,观察结石通片给药前后小鼠的体重变化和死亡情况;另取SD大鼠36只,雌、雄各半,分为对照组、低剂量组（给予5%结石通片溶液）和高剂量组（给予10%结石通片溶液）,统计各组大鼠24 h排尿量;并采用42只雄性SD大鼠,考查结石通片对给予乙二酰胺（2%掺喂）后大鼠体重、肾重和肾重比的影响。[结果] 给予结石通片溶液后,连续观察7 d,小鼠的各项生理活动未见明显异常,给药组与对照组相比体重差异不显著（P>0.05）;与对照组比较,给予结石通片溶液后大鼠24 h内排尿量明显增加（P<0.01）;与对照组比较,给药组随着给药剂量的增加,结晶和结石的数量极显著（P<0.01或P<0.001）减少,形成结石的动物数量极显著（P<0.01或P<0.001）减少。[结论] 结石通片对小鼠无明显急性毒性作用,对大鼠利尿作用明显,并对乙二酰胺致大鼠肾结石具有明显抑制作用。     

Analysis of human infectious avian influenza virus: Hemagglutinin genetic characteristics in Asia and Africa from 2004 to 2009

In the present study, we used nucleotide and protein sequences of avian influenza virus H5N1, which were obtained in Asia and Africa, analyzed HA proteins using ClustalX1.83 and MEGA4.0, and built a genetic evolutionary tree of HA nucleotides. The analysis revealed that the receptor specificity amino acid of A/HK/213/2003, A/Turkey/65596/2006 and etc mutated into QNG, which could bind with á–2, 3 galactose and á–2, 6 galactose. A mutation might thus take place and lead to an outbreak of human infections of avian influenza virus. The mutations of HA protein amino acids from 2004 to 2009 coincided with human infections provided by the World Health Organization, indicating a “low–high–highest–high–low” pattern. We also found out that virus strains in Asia are from different origins: strains from Southeast Asia and East Asia are of the same origin, whereas those from West Asia, South Asia and Africa descend from one ancestor. The composition of the phylogenetic tree and mutations of key site amino acids in HA proteins reflected the fact that the majority of strains are regional and long term, and virus diffusions exist between China, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iraq. We would advise that pertinent vaccines be developed and due attention be paid to the spread of viruses between neighboring countries and the dangers of virus mutation and evolution.     

我国与周边国家H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素演变分析

基于2008~2012年我国及周边国家禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)核酸在线BLAST,及MEGA5.1Bate4选取病案样本比对等方法,对我国与周边国家(地区)H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素演变进行了研究。结果显示,各样本均具有与禽受体特异性结合的特性,但部分样本在对病毒受体结合特异性有影响的位点发生氨基酸替换,2010年和2011年我国家禽和人样本HA抗原表位关键位点氨基酸与参考疫苗有较大变异,部分样本与中国香港和越南野鸟样本抗原匹配较高;回顾性分析表明,我国人和家禽在面临原有病毒株感染的同时增加了感染境外来源病毒株和中国香港、青海野鸟毒株的风险,应加强对H5N1亚型禽流感病毒变异和境外毒株向我国境内传播的监测,及时研制新的疫苗以应对新毒株类型。     

小鼠急性缺氧后心肌肥大细胞的变化

应用组织化学方法对对照组、缺氧组、雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠心肌肥大细胞的数量、活性及组化性质作了研究.结果表明,缺氧组小鼠肥大细胞和脱颗粒数目均极显著地高于同期对照组和雌激素预处理缺氧组(P<0.01),随着急性缺氧时间的延长,缺氧组小鼠肥大细胞和脱颗粒也呈直线上升趋势.雌激素预处理缺氧组小鼠的肥大细胞和脱颗粒极显著地低于同期缺氧组(P<0.01),而显著高于同期对照组(P<0.05).AB-S染色显示,心肌肥大细胞多数为黏膜肥大细胞,少数为结缔组织肥大细胞.试验结果为:肥大细胞参与急性缺氧造成心肌损伤的病理过程,雌激素对心肌缺氧损伤有保护作用.     

Mineralization of low molecular weight carbon substrates in soil solution under laboratory and field conditions

A more detailed mechanistic understanding of how low molecular weight (MW) carbon (C) substrates are mineralized within the rhizosphere by soil microbial communities is crucial to accurately model terrestrial C fluxes. Currently, most experiments regarding soil C dynamics are conducted ex-situ (laboratory) and can fail to account for key variables (e.g. temperature and soil water content) which vary in-situ. In addition, ex-situ experiments are often highly invasive, e.g. severing root and mycorrhizal networks, changing the input and concentrations of low MW exudates within soil. The aim of this study was to directly compare the mineralization rates of 31 common low MW C substrates under ex- and in-situ conditions. In addition, we also assessed the inter-annual field variability of substrate mineralization rates. We added trace concentrations of 31 individual ¹⁴C-labelled common low MW C substrates into the top soil of an agricultural grassland and monitored the mineralization rates by capturing ¹⁴CO₂ evolved from the soil over 7 d. Our results showed that the contribution of low MW C components to soil respiration was highly reproducible between parallel studies performed either in-situ or ex-situ. We also found that differences in the mineralization of individual compounds were more variable inter-annually in the field than between the laboratory and the field. Our results suggest that laboratory-based C mineralization data can be used to reliably parameterize C models but that multiple experimental measurements should be made over time to reduce uncertainty in model parameter estimation.     

溶葡萄球菌素对小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响

【目的】研究溶葡萄球菌素对小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响,为溶葡萄球菌素的食用安全性评估提供参考。【方法】将24只7周龄ICR小鼠随机分为3个试验组和对照组,3个试验组分别提供溶葡萄球菌素含量为1 μg/mL（低剂量）、5 μg/mL（中剂量）和15 μg/mL（高剂量）的饮水10 mL/(只·d),于饮用第0(饮用前),1,3,7,14,21天以及停饮第3,7,14天采集小鼠新鲜粪便样品,采用PCRDGGE技术检测小鼠肠道菌群结构变化。【结果】DGGE图谱显示,各组小鼠试验前后不同时间肠道内的优势菌种相似;经UPGMA聚类分析,与对照组相比,低、中剂量溶葡萄球菌素对小鼠肠道菌群结构影响较小,高剂量溶葡萄球菌素对小鼠肠道菌群结构影响较大;差异性分析结果显示,试验组饮用各阶段带谱与试验前的相似性与对照组相应阶段的相似性差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,溶葡萄球菌素低、中和高剂量组在停饮后第7天带谱与饮用前的相似性分别达到了70.8%,66.9%和63.8%;对图谱中主要条带进行测序和比对分析,结果表明,高剂量溶葡萄球菌素对小鼠肠道中Lactobacillus taiwanensis和1株不可培养细菌有促进作用。【结论】溶葡萄球菌素对小鼠肠道菌群结构的改变具有浓度依赖性,且停饮后小鼠肠道菌群结构有一定程度的恢复。     

Prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum sampsonii

Six new acylphloroglucinol derivatives, sampsonols A-F (1–6), were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii. The structures and relative configurations of sampsonols A-F were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. All these compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. Sampsonols A and B (1 and 2) showed significant cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines with IC₅₀ values in the range of 13–28 μM, whereas sampsonols C and F (3 and 6) showed potent inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC₅₀ values of 27.3 and 29.3 μM, respectively.     

Chilling requirements of Paeonia cultivars

Dormant second year potted plants of Paeonia ‘Coral Sunset’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ were placed into three chilling regimes (constant 1, 4, or 7°C) for different durations (3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks) to ascertain their chilling requirements for shoot and flower production. Chilling was followed by forcing for up to 5 weeks at 18°C, then plants were maintained in a controlled greenhouse until flowering had finished. Mean number of shoots and flowers per plant were recorded and the time taken for shoots to sprout was calculated.Control plants (forced immediately without chilling) produced no shoots or flowers. For all cultivars, the proportion of plants that sprouted, and the mean number of shoots and flowers increased as plants were subjected to colder chilling temperatures, or longer chilling durations. However, there were no significant within-cultivar differences between different treatments of 9 weeks or more. The time taken for sprouting to occur after the completion of each chilling treatment consistently decreased as the duration of the chilling treatment increased. In most cases, lower chilling temperatures lead to more rapid sprouting once plants were placed in the 18°C forcing conditions.When a simple model was fitted where the chilling temperature and duration of each treatment was described by a cumulative normal curve rising from zero to some maximum value (or potential) once adequate chilling had been received, we found that temperatures of 4 and 7°C provided only 83 and 59%, respectively, of the chilling accumulated per unit time at 1°C. ‘Coral Sunset’, an interspecific hybrid early flowering type, required the greatest amount of chilling to sprout consistently, while ‘Sarah Bernhardt’, a very late flowering type, required the least. Of the three cultivars, ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ also required the least amount of chilling to achieve its potential shoot and flower numbers, while ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, a mid-season flowering type, required the most chilling to achieve the same end for these two variables. This suggests that the response to spring temperatures as well as chilling influences the time of flowering.     

Effect of DNA methylation of miR-30a-5p promoter region on hepatic injury induced by homocysteine

AIM: To explore the role of DNA methylation of microRNA-30a-5p(miR-30a-5p) promoter region in hepatic injury. METHODS: Four-week-old normal mice and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) single gene knockout mice were used and divided into normal (CBS^+/+, n=12) group and single gene knockout (CBS^+/-, n=12) group, and the mice were fed with high methionine diet for 8 weeks. HL-7702 hepatic cells were routinely cultured in vitro and divided into control group, homocysteine (Hcy) group and Hcy+5-azacytidne (AZC) group. Serum Hcy, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of ALT and AST in the cells culture medium were determined by the microplate method. Hepatic injury in the mice were observed with HE staining. Cell viability staining was used to measure the viability of hepatocytes. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-30a-5p in the liver tissues and hepatocytes. The correlation between the expression of miR-30a-5p and serum ALT and AST levels was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. DNA methylation level of miR-30a-5p promoter region in the liver tissues and hepatocytes was detected by nested landing methylation-specific PCR (nMS-PCR). RESULTS: Compared with the CBS^+/+ mice, the serum levels of Hcy, ALT and AST in the CBS^+/- mice were significantly increased (P < 0.05). HE staining showed the hepatocyte swelling and nuclear fragmentation and dissolution. The expression level of miR-30a-5p in the liver tissues was decreased (P < 0.01). Besides, the expression level of miR-30a-5p in the mice was negatively correlated with serum ALT and AST levels (r²=0.4557, P=0.0003, r²=0.4626, P=0.0003), and the DNA methylation of miR-30a-5p promoter region was increased (P < 0.01). In the HL-7702 cells, compared with control group,the ALT and AST levels were increased in Hcy group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the cell viability was remarkablely decreased. DNA methylation of miR-30a-5p promoter region was increased (P < 0.01), which decreased after treated the cells with AZC (P < 0.05), while the expression level of miR-30a-5p in the cells was increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypermethylation of miR-30a-5p promoter region may play an important role in hepatic injury.