Contribution of incident solar radiation on leaves and pods to soybean seed weight and composition

The weight and composition of soybean seeds (Glycine Max L. Merrill) depend on changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilate supply during grain filling. Soybean pods and seeds are green, evidencing their capacity to capture light. However, the current physiological knowledge does not consider any effect of incident solar radiation reaching the pods on seed weight and composition. The objective of this work was to investigate the response of seed weight and composition to changes in assimilate supply from leaves, to the incident solar radiation reaching the pods and to the combination of both, changes in assimilate supply from the leaves and incident solar radiation on pods of soybean plants. Field experiments were performed during two growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments modified the amount of assimilates supplied by the leaves (plant shading, defoliation), the solar radiation reaching the pods (pod shading) or both (defoliation and pod shading) during seed filling. Plant shading and defoliation reduced seed weight, oil concentration and oil and protein content and increased the concentration of saturated and poli-unsaturated fatty acids while reduced oleic acid percentage. Pod shading increased the concentration of stearic acid and reduced the concentration of linolenic acid. When pods were shaded on defoliated plants, seed weight and oil and protein content decreased while fatty acid composition was similar to values obtained under defoliation treatment. Based on these results, a conceptual model that considers photoheterotrophic nature of reproductive structures of soybean is proposed. Seed weight, oil and protein content and oil fatty acid composition depended on assimilate availability for the seeds. The response of oil and protein content to assimilate supply depended on whether leaves were present or not. The effect of solar radiation incident on pods depended on the amount of assimilates available for the seeds: (i) when carbon allocated was low (defoliation treatments), pods contributed to seed carbon economy but solar radiation incident on them did not affect fatty acid composition; (ii) when carbon allocated to the seeds was high (intact plants), contribution of pods to seed carbon economy was not significant, but the amount of solar radiation incident on pods produced significant changes in fatty acid composition.     

Interactions of organic phosphorus with soil minerals and the associated environmental impacts: A review

As an important part of the soil phosphorus(P) pool, organic P(OP) is widely found in terrestrial and aquatic environments(e.g., soils and sediments).The interfacial behavior of OP on natural minerals affects the transport, transformation, and bioavailability of P in the environment. This paper reviews the processes involving adsorption-desorption, dissolution-precipitation, and enzymatic/mineral-mediated hydrolysis of OP at the mineral-water interface, and their subsequent effects on OP speciat...     

Dynamic study of infiltration rate for soils with varying degrees of degradation by water erosion

Ultisols, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of south China, are suffering from serious water erosion, however, slope hydrological process for Ultisols under different erosional degradation levels in field condition has been scarcely investigated. Field rainfall simulation at two rainfall intensities (120 and 60 mm/h) were performed on pre-wetted Ultisols with four erosion degrees (non, moderate, severe and very-severe), and the hydrological processes of these soils were determined. The variation of soil infiltration was contributed by the interaction of erosion degree and rainfall intensity (p < 0.05). In most cases, time to incipient runoff, the decay coefficient, steady state infiltration rate, and their variability were larger at the high rainfall intensity, accelerating by the increasing erosion severity. Despite rainfall intensity, the infiltration process of Ultisols was also significantly influenced by mean weight diameter of aggregates at the field moisture content, soil organic carbon and particle size distribution (R² > 30%, p < 0.05). The temporal erodibility of surface soil and soil detachment rate were significantly and negatively correlated with infiltration rate (r < -0.32, p < 0.05), but less significant correlation was observed between sediment concentration and infiltration rate for most soils, especially at the high rainfall intensity. The variation of surface texture and soil compactness generated by erosion degradation was the intrinsic predominant factors for the change of infiltration process of Ultisols. The obtained results will facilitate the understanding of hydrological process for degraded lands, and provide useful knowledge in managing crop irrigation and soil erosion.     

Current insights into the autotrophic thaumarchaeal ammonia oxidation in acidic soils

Recent studies of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) suggested their significant contributions to global nitrogen cycling, and phylogenetic analysis categorized AOA into a novel archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota. AOA are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, have unique mechanisms for nitrification, better adaptation to low-pH pressures, and strikingly lower ammonia requirements compared with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Previous perceptions that microbial ammonia oxidation in acidic soils was minimal, and entirely meditated by autotrophic bacteria and occasionally by heterotrophic nitrifiers have been dramatically challenged, and the dominant nitrifying groups urgently called for re-assessment. Controversially, the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to autotrophic ammonia oxidation have been reported to vary in different soils, but ammonia substrate availability, which was largely restricted under acidic conditions, seemed to be the key driver. Theoretically predicted ammonia concentrations in acidic soils below the substrate threshold of AOB and remarkably high ammonia affinity of AOA raised the supposition that thaumarchaea could represent the dominant ammonia-oxidizing group in ammonia-limited acidic environments. Recently, the functional dominance of thaumarchaea over its bacterial counterpart and autotrophic thaumarchaeal ammonia oxidation in acidic soils has been compellingly confirmed by DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments and the cultivation of an obligate acidophilic thaumarchaeon, Nitrosotalea devanaterra. Here, we review the currently available knowledge concerning the history and progress in our understanding of the ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOB and AOA) and the mechanisms of nitrification in nutrient-depleted acidic soils, present the possible mechanisms shaping the distinct niches of AOA and AOB, and thus strengthen the assumption that AOA dominate over AOB in ammonia oxidation of acidic soils.     

无人机倾斜航空摄影监测崩岗侵蚀量变化的方法

如何高效精确地监测崩岗的动态发育过程并且量化侵蚀量是崩岗侵蚀机理研究中的难点。该文以准专业级无人机对目标崩岗进行倾斜摄影获得的全方位多角度航空影像为基础,通过空三加密处理生成目标崩岗的三维点云模型;利用点云数据构建DTM,提取目标崩岗地形数据;运用多时相连续DEM相减的方法获取监测周期内崩岗的高程变化,计算侵蚀量并找到侵蚀严重的部位,再使用2.5D体积测算方法细化侵蚀严重的崩壁和沟头部位的侵蚀量,以此作为补充,最终获得监测期内的总侵蚀/沉积量体积并换算为泥沙量。最终结果验证的平均相对误差为9.69%,一个月监测周期内最大的绝对误差仅为0.303 3 m3,满足监测要求。因此利用无人机倾斜航空摄影测量的方法监测崩岗侵蚀量是可行有效的,该方法可提取崩岗的所有地形信息,研究侵蚀泥沙的来源和侵蚀过程,是较为快速和精确的崩岗监测手段。     

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

不同质地重塑土坡面水沙定量关系研究

为确定不同质地重塑土坡面水力学参数与土壤侵蚀速率间的定量关系,采用模拟径流冲刷动床试验的方法,对不同质地坡面的土壤侵蚀速率进行了研究,建立了土壤侵蚀速率与水力学参数、土壤性质间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀速率与坡度和流量关系密切,且坡度对土壤侵蚀速率的影响更大;土壤质地对土壤侵蚀速率具有明显的影响,相同试验条件下使土壤侵蚀速率呈现"单峰状"分布,在50%含沙量的坡面最大;(2)细沟平均沟深、断面宽深比与土壤侵蚀速率之间具有极显著的相关关系(r=–0.865,P0.01),可以作为反映坡面侵蚀产沙程度的指标;(3)单位水流功率是描述土壤侵蚀速率的最佳水力学参数(r=0.911,P0.01),幂函数可以很好地表达两者之间的定量关系(D_r=49.96Pr~(2.07),R~2=0.795);(4)考虑到土壤性质对坡面侵蚀的影响,在单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率的定量关系中引入了土壤黏聚力,进一步提高了定量关系的可靠性(D_r=165.22Pr~(2.36)C~(–0.44),R~2=0.816),由于方程中参数获取的相对简便,在实际应用中具有更广的适应范围与现实价值。     

九宫山土壤剖面中黏土矿物的组成特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤为对象,研究其剖面层次的黏土矿物组合和铁、铝氧化物的特征,揭示山地土壤中黏土矿物的变化特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中黏土矿物类型从以高岭石为主,逐渐变为以14.0?矿物、伊利石及三水铝石为主,有从1︰1型向2︰1型矿物过渡的趋势;不同层次的土壤中黏土矿物类型和相对含量变化明显;土壤随垂直高程的升高,其中游离态铁、铝减小,非晶形和络合态铁、铝增加,各种形态铁、铝氧化物的总量也增加。     

水稻-油菜轮作模式下秸秆还田替代钾肥的效应

【目的】研究稻-油轮作条件下秸秆还田配施钾肥对水稻和冬油菜产量、 地上部钾素累积量、 钾肥利用率以及土壤钾素含量的影响,明确长期秸秆还田替代钾肥的效果,为秸秆还田下稻-油轮作中钾肥的合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】2011~2014年在湖北省粮油主产区-江汉平原选择土壤供钾能力较高的农田,布置水稻-冬油菜轮作定位试验。试验共设7个处理,分别为: 1)CK(-K); 2)+K; 3)+S; 4)S+1/4K; 5)S+1/2K; 6)S+3/4K和7)S+K。其中K和S分别表示钾肥和还田秸秆,K2O用量为90 kg/hm2。【结果】 1)与不施钾(-K)相比,施用钾肥和秸秆还田均不同程度地增加了水稻和冬油菜年均产量和钾素吸收量,尤以秸秆还田配施钾肥处理(S+K)的水稻和冬油菜产量和地上部钾素吸收量最高,与对照(-K)相比增产率分别为12.8%和19.1%; 地上部钾素(K2O)累积吸收量增幅分别达到35.7%和79.3%。2)在当前推荐钾肥用量条件下,秸秆还田对水稻和冬油菜的钾肥吸收利用率没有显著影响,但均使两种作物的钾素吸收利用率显著降低。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田后水稻季的钾肥与钾素农学利用率明显降低,而冬油菜季则分别显著提高与持平; 秸秆还田后,水稻季的钾素农学利用率显著降低,而冬油菜季则持平。3)通过对秸秆还田条件下钾肥用量与增产率、 地上部吸钾量增幅的相关分析得出秸秆还田后当前的推荐钾肥用量偏高。根据肥效模型并结合实际产量和农田钾素养分平衡拟合得出,水稻和冬油菜的年均适宜钾肥用量分别为52.0和61.9 kg/hm2,比推荐用量可分别减少42.2%和31.2%。【结论】在土壤钾素含量较高的情况下,稻-油轮作区开展连续秸秆还田不仅能够降低钾肥投入量,获得较高的粮油经济产量,还可以提高土壤有效钾含量并维持农田系统养分平衡以及秸秆钾素资源的良性循环。