基于稳定同位素技术的天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁区食物网结构研究

本研究对2016年6月在天津大神堂3个礁区(2010年建成的鱼礁区;2012年建成的鱼礁区;2014年建成的鱼礁区)和对照区域采集的生物消费者及其食物源样品的碳、氮稳定同位素组成进行了分析,通过IsoSource模型计算不同区域生物的食物网基础,并利用氮稳定同位素数据计算消费者的营养级。结果显示,根据δ13C值可以将其食物源分为浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)和沉积相颗粒有机物(SOM)三类;浮游植物对消费者的碳源贡献率(67.2%~81.5%)最大,是大神堂海域的生物食物网的基础。不同区域同一食物源的δ13C和δ15N值没有显著性差异;礁区内滤食性贝类毛蚶(Arca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的δ13C值显著高于对照区,作为潜在碳源的浮游植物对其的贡献率显著增加。消费者的δ15N值则介于7.70‰~14.34‰之间,消费者的营养级介于2.0~3.95级之间。游泳生物食性生物的δ15N和营养级在礁区内有所提高,礁区建成的年份越长,其营养级与对照区域的差别越显著。稳定同位素研究表明,人工鱼礁建设可能导致鱼礁区内滤食性生物的食物来源组成改变,并提高游泳生物食性生物的营养级。     

Effect of different thermal regimes on glucose,enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 of Litopenaeus vannamei

The purpose of this study was to investigate variations of glucose content, activities of enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 in Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one constant temperature (25°C) and four daily cyclical temperature change regimes (25 ± 1°C, 25 ± 2°C, 25 ± 3°C and 25 ± 4°C; max 12 am min 12 pm ). Both the glucose and HSP70 in treatment 25°C had a day/night rhythm city (L14:D10), but it gradually disappeared with the increase in temperature fluctuating amplitude. The PK activities varied more and more acutely with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude, especially, that in treatment 25 ± 4°C. HK activities were affected by the flux of glucose and the process of glycolysis, which tended to be stable with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude. Besides, the variations of PK activities were very abrupt at 25 ± 4°C, which might be unfavourable to the growth of shrimps. The temperature fluctuations affect metabolic adjustments and change the day/night rhythmicity of some physiological indicators.     

不同生长期圆斑星鲽形态性状对体重影响的通径分析

圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)作为中国鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes)养殖鱼类的重要代表种类,具有生长速度快,可食用部分多,肉质细嫩等特点。为了探究圆斑星鲽形态性状与体重的关系,本研究分别测定11月龄、14月龄和17月龄3个不同生长期圆斑星鲽的体重及全长(FL)、体长(BL)、体高(BH)、头长(HL)、头高(HH)、尾柄长(CL)、尾柄高(CH)、吻长(SL)共计8个形态性状,分别进行相关分析和通径分析,剖析形态性状对于体重的直接作用和间接作用;利用回归分析的方法,建立各个时期以形态指标为自变量,体重为因变量的最优线性回归方程。结果显示,1)不同生长阶段,影响体重的重点形态指标存在差异,影响11月龄圆斑星鲽体重的主要形态性状为体高和体长,14月龄阶段为全长、体高和头长,17月龄阶段为全长和体高;2)11月龄、14月龄和17月龄形态性状对体重(Y)的多元回归方程分别为:Y=-186.412+17.381XBH+10.517XBL,Y=-362.484+13.145XFL+20.172XBH+21.199XHL,Y=-816.147+24.121XFL+40.575XBH;3)除本研究所包括的形态指标外,体厚可能为另外一个影响圆斑星鲽体重的重要指标。本研究阐明了体重与形态指标间的相关关系,为圆斑星鲽的良种选育提供了生物学依据。     

The changes of enzymes involved in metabolism and immunity of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) after short-term transportations

The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and immunity of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) after short-term transportation in seawater and without seawater by determining pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase as metabolism indicators, superoxide dismutases (SOD), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as immunity indicators. At 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after transportations, sea cucumbers were sampled and prepared for further analysis. The PK activities significantly decreased at 0 h after transportation without seawater, but not in seawater. These results indicated that the transportation without seawater had a stronger effect on sea cucumber than that in seawater. Firstly, the SOD and NOS activities of sea cucumbers in both methods of transportations significantly increased then decreased to the level of control. These results suggested that the SOD and NOS activity was induced to increase by stress of transportations, but these stresses did not damage the normal physiology of sea cucumbers.     

A new system for bottom co-culture of the scallop,Patinopecten yessoensis,with the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,and the sea urchin,Anthocidaris crassispina,in shallow water in China

A new system for bottom co-culture of scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), and sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina, is reported. To evaluate the system, scallops (average shell height, 3.904 ± 0.511 cm) were placed in nine “Hailong” units at densities of 10, 30, and 50 individuals per cell (ind/m²), and the units were placed in shallow waters with a muddy, sandy, or semi-sandy seabed. After more than 9 months, the scallops cultured on the semi-sandy seabed were larger than those cultured on sandy or muddy seabed (p < 0.05). The index of the adductor muscle was higher for scallops cultured on the sandy seabed than for those cultured on semi-sandy or muddy seabed (p < 0.05). More sea cucumbers were harvested from the units on the sandy seabed than from those on semi-sandy or muddy seabed (p < 0.05). The highest yield of sea urchins was from units on the muddy seabed, followed by those on the semi-sandy seabed and then from those on the sandy seabed (p < 0.05). Seaweed communities developed on the units located on sandy seabeds.     

天津市海水养殖外来物种输入特征及防控体系研究

采用文献调研、实地调查与专家咨询相结合的方法对天津市海水养殖外来物种进行了调查研究,目前天津市海水养殖外来物种共计25种,其中鱼类18种,甲壳类4种,双壳类3种,分析了外来海水物种的影响,归纳海水养殖外来物种存在问题,并有针对性的进行探讨分析。     

天津大神堂海域不同时间序列礁体附着生物群落特征变化

本研究于2018年9月通过打捞鱼礁的方式调查了2010、2012、2014、2016和2018年投放礁区礁体附着生物情况。结果显示,虽然不同年份投礁区礁体附着生物的种类和数量有所差异,但长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)均占绝对优势。2018年投礁区由于礁体投放时间较短,尚未形成稳定的附着生物群落,其礁体附着生物的种类数、附着生物数量和重量、生物多样性指数和物种均匀度指数均显著低于其他年份。2010年投礁区域礁体附着生物种类和数量均显著高于其他年份,但在附着生物重量上无显著差异。研究表明,人工鱼礁附着生物优势种种类组成受到其所处海域地理位置的影响很大,时间序列对人工鱼礁附着生物的影响在投放前期较为明显,当生物量达到一定数值后,其影响明显减弱,但其生物生态环境仍在缓慢改善,生物多样性逐步增加。     

生物入侵对水生生物多样性的影响及管理对策

生物入侵已经对生态系统稳定构成了严重的威胁,我国的水域面积辽阔,水生生物资源种类多,生物多样性丰富。但是近年来外来水生生物物种引发了多起生态灾难事件,对生态环境安全构成了严重威胁。为减少外来物种入侵带来的冲击,我们必须在充分认识外来有害生物危害的基础上,制订相应的预防和控制措施。     

微卫星多重PCR在水生动物亲权分析中的研究进展

微卫星标记作为共显性标记具有分布广泛、中性遗传的特点,在群体遗传结构分析和亲子鉴定(即亲权鉴定)方面已有了广泛应用,通过微卫星标记技术可以清楚有效地分析子代的遗传背景。本文就目前微卫星多重PCR在水生动物亲权关系分析、系谱认证方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

雌雄红鳍鲌可食部分主要营养成分比较分析

比较分析了雌雄红鳍鲌（Culter erythropterus）可食部分的基本营养成分。结果显示,雌、雄红鳍鲌肌肉的粗蛋白质量分数差异不显著（P〉0.05）,雌性性腺和鳔鲜样中粗蛋白质量分数（28.24%和19.22%）极显著高于雄性（24.89%和17.72%;P〈0.05）,雌、雄性红鳍鲌各组织的水分质量分数无显著差异（P〉0.05）;红鳍鲌各样品中均测出18种氨基酸,其中雌性性腺和鳔的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及风味氨基酸总量均显著高于雄性（P〈0.05）,雌、雄性红鳍鲌肌肉氨基酸组成差异不显著（P〉0.05）;雌雄红鳍鲌肌肉、性腺的必需氨基酸组成均符合FAO/WHO对于膳食蛋白质营养评价理想模式,但鳔的必需氨基酸组成不符合。研究表明,红鳍鲌肌肉和性腺蛋白质的营养价值较高,而鳔的蛋白质营养价值较低。