三峡库区花岗岩母质石英砂土不同经济林模式土壤养分特征研究

为了解三峡库区花岗岩母质不同经济林模式的土壤养分状况,研究了各模式下土壤pH、有机质、全量养分和速效养分的特征,并利用主成分分析法对不同模式的土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,除土壤pH外,经济林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等含量的变异较宽,为中等变异。随土壤层次的增加,各模式下土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈递减趋势,而全磷和全钾则存在不规律变化。土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾对经济林土壤质量的高低产生着主要作用,土壤养分综合排名表现为柑橘（精细管理）>柑橘（常规管理）>板栗林>茶园。因此,利用生物措施和精细化管理措施,可有效提高该区域经济林的土壤质量。     

有机肥部分替代化肥氮对叶菜产量和环境效应的影响

针对叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳替代比例及对经济效益和环境效应综合评价较缺乏等问题,本研究采用田间试验,对包心菜和小青菜进行等氮水平下不同比例有机肥替代化肥处理,包括:纯化肥氮(0M),25%、50%、75%和100%有机肥替代化肥(25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M),研究不同处理下蔬菜产量、经济效益、土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放。结果表明, 25%M处理下包心菜和小青菜产量均达最高,且与0M处理相比包心菜和小青菜的产量分别增加15.0%(P0.05)和16.3%(P0.05)。25%M比0M处理经济效益分别增加11.7%和5.4%,但在50%M、75%M和100%M处理下经济效益为负增长。25%M处理下,氨挥发累积排放量在包心菜和小青菜季分别为42.1kg·hm~(-2)和12.9kg·hm~(-2),比0M处理分别降低23.4%(P0.05)和41.6%(P0.05); 0M和25%M处理间氧化亚氮累积排放量无显著差异, 25%M处理在包心菜和小青菜季的氧化亚氮累积排放量分别为0.74 kg·hm~(-2)和3.06 kg·hm~(-2);与25%M处理相比, 50%M、75%M和100%M处理下氧化亚氮排放分别增加33.7%～60.8%(P0.05)、50.0%～134.3%(P0.05)和56.8%～185.6%(P0.05)。基于此,提出叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的适宜替代比例在25%左右时可实现最佳的增效减排效果。     

Maize/peanut intercropping increases photosynthetic characteristics, ~(13)C-photosynthate distribution,and grain yield of summer maize

Intercropping is used widely by smallholder farmers in developing countries to increase land productivity and profitability. We conducted a maize/peanut intercropping experiment in the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in Shandong, China. Treatments included sole maize(SM), sole peanut(SP), and an intercrop consisting of four rows of maize and six rows of peanut(IM and IP). The results showed that the intercropping system had yield advantages based on the land equivalent ratio(LER) values of 1.15 and 1.16 in the two years, respectively. Averaged over the two years, the yield of maize in the intercropping was increased by 61.05% compared to that in SM, while the pod yield of peanut was decreased by 31.80% compared to SP. Maize was the superior competitor when intercropped with peanut, and its productivity dominated the yield of the intercropping system in our study. The increased yield was due to a higher kernel number per ear(KNE). Intercropping increased the light transmission ratio(LTR) of the ear layer in the maize canopy, the active photosynthetic duration(APD), and the harvest index(HI) compared to SM. In addition, intercropping promoted the ratio of dry matter accumulation after silking and the distribution of ~(13) C-photosynthates to grain compared to SM. In conclusion, maize/peanut intercropping demonstrated the potential to improve the light condition of maize, achieving enhanced photosynthetic characteristics that improved female spike differentiation, reduced barrenness, and increased KNE. Moreover, dry matter accumulation and ~(13) C-photosynthates distribution to grain of intercropped maize were improved, and a higher grain yield was ultimately obtained.     

Gas chromatography for detection of citrus infestation by fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Tephritid fruit flies are serious economic pests worldwide. As larvae, they feed and develop within the pulp of host fruits, making infestation difficult to detect by visual inspection. At U.S. ports of entry, incoming produce shipments are checked for infestation by manually cutting open a small sample of fruit and searching for tephritid larvae. Consequently, there is a need for more sensitive, high-throughput screening methods. This study evaluated gas chromatography (GC) as a potential technology for improved detection of hidden infestation. Grapefruits (Citrus × paradisi Macfad.) infested with immature stages of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined to determine if infested fruit emitted a chemical profile distinct from that of non-infested fruit. Peaks identified by GC analysis were grouped into three classes. Chemicals detected in similar quantities in all samples, or slightly elevated in infested samples, were regarded as non-diagnostic background volatiles. Chemicals highly elevated after oviposition, during the last instar exit stage, and in experimentally-pierced fruit were interpreted to be indicators of citrus peel injury, and included d-limonene and β-ocimene. Chemicals elevated exclusively in the larval infestation stages were considered indicators of feeding damage and potentially diagnostic of infestation, and included hexyl butanoate and an unidentified compound. The peaks associated with injury and feeding were also detectable with a portable ultra-fast GC analyzer that required less than 80 s per sample. Further studies will investigate the potential application of these results for development of a rapid, non-destructive screening method for detection of tephritid infestation.     

摆动式花生收获机整体载荷的试验与分析

从理论上建立了摆动式花生收获机的空间力系模型.在此基础上,围绕摆动式花生收获机的主要试验参数-传动速比、偏心距、栅条长度与前进速度的改变进行了摆动式花生收获机整体载荷的试验.试验证明:花生收获机在工作时所受载荷平衡,通过二次回归旋转组合试验测定整体载荷随4因素的变化规律是显著的,结合花生收获机的实际工作条件分析了回归方程的适用范围.本试验为摆动式花生收获机在功率消耗、力的平衡等方面的进一步改进提供了依据.     

基于ANSYS的汽车车架结构有限元分析

利用ANSYS软件对车架进行有限元分析,以某8 t载货汽车为例,建立了车架结构的几何模型和以体单元solid92为基本单元的车架有限元分析计算模型,对该车架在载荷作用下的应力和变形进行了计算,可为车架的结构改进提供依据。     

胶东地区白蚁流行特点及防治情况

介绍了烟台市白蚁的流行情况及危害特点，阐述了其产生的相关原因，并结合山东省烟台市房屋安全监理中心对白蚁防治工作的特点，对未来白蚁防治发展情况进行了阐述。     

葡萄Fe-S簇装配基因的鉴定、克隆和表达特征分析

【目的】从葡萄中克隆并鉴定Fe-S簇装配基因,在转录水平探索其组织特异性表达特征及其对缺铁胁迫的差异响应,明确主效基因。【方法】通过同源克隆法,在葡萄基因组中筛选并鉴定参与Fe-S簇装配的基因;借助生物信息学软件分析葡萄Fe-S簇装配相关基因及其编码蛋白的详细特征;利用实时荧光定量PCR分析Fe-S簇装配相关基因在葡萄不同组织部位的表达模式及其对缺铁胁迫的响应情况;利用MEGE 7.0软件建立不同植物ISU1同源蛋白的系统进化树。【结果】在葡萄基因组中检索并克隆获得46个Fe-S簇装配基因,分布于16条染色体上,含有1—21个长度不一的内含子,且主要分布于质体、线粒体和细胞质,分别含有14、21和11个基因成员;葡萄Fe-S簇装配蛋白在多种亚细胞结构中均有定位,且不同装配机制中蛋白的亚细胞定位情况差异很大;所选10种植物ISU1蛋白序列的一致性高达77%,系统发育树分析表明同一属的ISU1同源蛋白如十字花科的拟南芥和盐芥、禾本科的水稻和短柄草、蔷薇科的桃和苹果,倾向于紧密聚在一起,但葡萄ISU1和番茄ISU1紧密聚集在一起;葡萄Fe-S簇装配基因在3年生‘马瑟兰’成年树体和组培幼苗不同组织中的表达水平差异较大,其中,ISU1整体水平的表达量最为丰富（尤其是成熟期果实中的表达量最高）,其次是HSCA1、ISA2、NFU2、SUFA和SUFB等基因,而SUFE2、NFS1、HSCA2、HSCA6、TAH18和CIA2在本研究所有葡萄组织中均未检测到表达量;在‘马瑟兰’幼苗中,葡萄Fe-S簇装配基因对缺铁处理较为敏感,所有基因至少在1个检测的组织部位对缺铁处理有响应,其中,22个基因的表达水平在所有检测组织中均受缺铁处理调控：根部Fe-S簇装配基因的表达水平易受缺铁胁迫诱导而上调,但地上部（茎和叶）Fe-S簇装配基因的表达水平易受缺铁胁迫抑制而下调。【结论】从葡萄中克隆并鉴定了46个Fe-S簇装配基因,分别定位于质体、线粒体和细胞质;葡萄Fe-S簇装配基因在三年生成年树体和组培幼苗不同组织中的表达水平差异较大,且在葡萄幼苗不同组织中的转录水平对缺铁胁迫的响应具有显著差异;ISU1在葡萄所有组织中的整体表达量较高;葡萄ISU1和番茄ISU1同源蛋白遗传进化距离最接近。     

珍味贝丝的研制报告

本试验利用扇贝加工时大量废弃的裙边,制作调味焙烤品珍味贝丝,经1％冰醋酸软化处理15s,150℃焙烤6min,较好地解决了艮韧问题,并对工艺路线和主要工艺参数进行了选择。制品档次较高,保质期达6个月以上。     

山东沿海捕鯷双船拖网的试验与推广

山东沿海捕鯷双船拖网的试验与推广孙泰昌，朱清澄（山东省海洋水产研究所，烟台２６４０００）陈泽波（山东省蓬莱市水产技术推广站，２６５０００）关键词近海鱼，双船拖网，鱼群密度ＴＨＥＴＥＳＴＯＦＰＡＩＲ－ＴＲＡＷＬＩＮＧＦＯＲＡＮＣＨＯＶＹＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＯ...