草食性鱼种抑制凤眼莲生长的试验

通过严密的设计,在相同规格的16只网箱中,采用草鱼、杂交鱼[草鱼(♂)和赤眼鳟(♀)杂交繁育的F1]、三角鲂、赤眼鳟、异育银鲫和翘嘴红鲌等为试验对象,对凤眼莲生长的影响进行研究。结果表明：不同品种的鱼苗具有不同的控制凤眼莲的能力;在2.5～9.0 cm范围内各鱼苗食用凤眼莲能力依次为：草鱼＞杂交鱼＞三角鲂＞赤眼鳟＞异育银鲫＞翘嘴红鮊。     

克氏原螯虾细菌性病原的分离与鉴定

2010年浙江安吉克氏原螯虾养殖发生严重病害,从患病的虾肠道内分离到菌株N201007,人工感染健康克氏原螯虾在8天内其半数致死量LD50为5.3×105,感染发病虾表现出与自然发病虾相似症状。通过革兰氏染色,梅里埃细菌测定试剂条ID32 E鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。为进一步确定病原菌分类地位,对其16S rRNA序列扩增并测序,在NCBI基因库上进行序列比对,与菌株ATCC7699同源性达到99%,通过以上实验确定导致此次养殖克氏原螯虾大规模死亡的病原为嗜水气单胞菌。药敏试验结果表明该菌对强力霉素、氯霉素、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、菌必治敏感。     

螯虾次目功能基因密码子偏好性研究

以螯虾次目功能基因组中的208个蛋白质编码基因序列为数据来源,应用CodonW　14软件对螯虾次目功能基因中密码子组成、同义密码子使用频率、密码子3个位置的G+C含量、有效密码子数等进行分析。结果显示,螯虾次目密码子第三位的G+C含量明显高于第一/二位,表现出对以G或C碱基结尾的密码子的偏好性使用,并确定了9个螯虾次目最优密码子。上述研究结果为今后螯虾次目新基因的发现、功能基因表达调控研究、蛋白质结构和功能预测、以及与其他虾类的比较基因组学研究、螯虾分子标记育种等提供了理论基础。     

南美白对虾不同养殖密度水质变化规律与养殖效益的分析

为了研究南美白对虾不同养殖密度池塘的水质变化规律,并对不同养殖面积、养殖密度和经济效益的关系进行分析,2012年5—8月,通过对不同养殖密度南美白对虾养殖池水质周期性连续监测,得到养殖水体水质污染状况及一般规律。在试验设置的养殖密度下,各个养殖池的水质指标均在对虾健康生长合适范围值内。随着养殖密度的增加,水体中TN、TP、NH3-N、NO2-N的含量逐渐增加,CODMn无明显的变化规律;同时对不同养殖密度和养殖面积与经济效益的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明,养殖面积为0.067 hm2,养殖密度为105~150万/hm2的小规模养殖模式效益最高。     

Selection responses in survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii after performing five generations of multi-trait selection for growth and survival

A selective breeding program was established to improve the growth and survival of the cultured giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The response to selection was estimated for the survival of M. rosenbergii using a fully pedigreed synthetic population formed by three introduced strains. The data included 122,761 progeny from 437 sires and 723 dams in seven generations with a nested mating structure. The genetic parameters and estimated breeding values (EBVs) were estimated using a generalized linear mixed model with the probit link function. The realized response was estimated from the difference in the marginal means of survival for the selection and control populations, while the predicted response was obtained from the difference in the mean retransformed survival rate based on the survival EBVs between generations. The realized genetic gain in survival from the G₁ to G₆ generation ranged from ?1.24 to 2.72 %. The accumulated realized genetic gain (5.02 %) expressed as a percentage was 8.46 %. Across the generations, high heritability (0.401 ± 0.020, Set 1) was obtained when using the model without the c effect and was significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). However, the low heritability and common environment (0.013 ± 0.011 and 0.088 ± 0.007, Set 2) were estimated using the model that included the c effect. The accumulated predicted gains (6.29 and 0.61 %, respectively) from the Set 1 and Set 2 parameters over the five generations of selection expressed as proportions were 9.08 and 0.87 %, respectively. The low genetic gain for survival is most likely caused by a low relative weight in the selection index and reduced genetic variation because of consecutive between-family selection.     

盐酸沙拉沙星在凡纳滨对虾体内药动学与生物利用度

采用RP-HPLC法研究了在盐度33、水温（28.0±1.0）℃的自然海水中盐酸沙拉沙星单剂量围心腔注射（剂量10 mg·kg-1）和单次药饵投喂（剂量30 mg·kg-1）给药后在凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）体内的药动学与生物利用度。围心腔注射给药后,血淋巴中药时曲线较适合用二室模型来拟合,而药饵投喂给药后血淋巴中药时曲线较适合采用一级吸收二室模型来拟合。药饵给药下盐酸沙拉沙星在凡纳滨对虾体内的生物利用度（F）为61.6%。药饵投喂给药下大量药物分布到了肝胰腺,肝胰腺血药峰浓度（Cmax）和AUC0-t分别是血淋巴的24.4倍和18.7倍,分别是肌肉的51.9倍和62.0倍;药物在肝胰腺和肌肉中消除都很快,分别在给药后5 d 和36 h低于0.1 mg·kg-1。由此可见,盐酸沙拉沙星药饵给药下吸收好,达峰值高和生物利用度好,且在肌肉和肝胰腺组织中消除快,是较为理想的防治对虾细菌性疾病的抗菌药物。     

Genetic parameters of survival for six generations in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Genetic parameters were estimated for survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii using a fully pedigreed synthetic population formed by three introduced strains. The data included 107 398 progeny from 394 sires and 654 dams in six generations with a nested mating structure. The variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using a generalized linear mixed model with the probit link function. Available heritabilities in survival from the generation G₃ to G₅ ranged from 0.007 ± 0.020 to 0.066 ± 0.044 (P > 0.05) using a model that included the common environmental effect (c). Across generations, low heritability (0.016 ± 0.012, P > 0.05) was estimated using the model with inclusion of the c effect. There were statistically significant differences in the heritability estimates between different ponds for most generations. Moreover, the genetic correlation of survival between ponds over six generations varied from low to high (?0.0007 ± 0.17 to 0.80 ± 0.069) and was significantly different from unity. There were low correlation coefficients (?0.039 ± 0.096 to 0.342 ± 0.081) between body weight estimated breeding value (EBV) and survival EBV of families in different generations. The low heritabilities for survival are most likely caused by low genetic variation in the founder populations and reduced genetic variation because of consecutive selection.     

中华鳖细菌疫苗免疫佐剂的筛选及其初步应用

将分离自中华鳖Trionyx sinensis主要细菌性疾病—肠道出血性败血症、鳖穿孔病（疖疮病）、红脖子红底板病、鳖腐皮病的4株病原菌,在体积分数为3．5％的福尔马林溶液中灭活24h。在灭活的4株菌中添加不同佐剂,充分混匀后分别制备成总含菌量为6×10^9个／mL的4价菌苗,分别免疫8只ICR小鼠,并设不加佐剂免疫组及空白组作为对照。经3次免疫后,随机选3只小鼠抽血制备血清,用间接ELISA方法测定抗体效价,除空白对照组外,其它4组小鼠的免疫血清效价为1：1．6×10^4-1：2．56×10^5,各免疫组的效价依次为弗氏佐剂〉白油佐剂〉蜂胶佐剂〉不加佐剂。另外5只小鼠用于免疫保护性试验。结果表明：3种佐剂的免疫保护率均为100％,而不加佐剂组免疫保护率为80％,空白对照组死亡率为100％。考虑到弗氏佐剂的成本较高且白油佐剂有副作用,故选择蜂胶作为免疫佐剂,制备了中华鳖4价菌苗。用该菌苗免疫接种50只体重为100～150g／只的健康中华鳖,注射剂量为0．2mL／只,并设置对照组（注射等量的生理盐水）,共接种20只健康中华鳖。分别于免疫后第20、30、40、50天随机采集3只受免疫的中华鳖和对照组的1只中华鳖血液并制备血清,用浙江省淡水水产研究所制备的针对中华鳖IgM的单抗3H3介导的ELISA方法,测定血清中的抗体效价。结果表明：当中华鳖免疫后40d,血清中抗体效价达到最高,为1：6．4×10^4;免疫后50d将受免中华鳖分成4组,分别用4种菌株以5LD50（9×10^6个／mL）进行攻毒试验（0．5mL／只）,结果免疫保护率均达到100％,而对照组死亡率均为100％。     

植酸酶对日本沼虾生长、体组成和消化酶的影响

在水温27±2.0℃的条件下,对体质量为0.199±0.089 g的日本沼虾进行了56 d的室内水循环系统饲养试验,探讨了添加植酸酶对日本沼虾生长、体组成和消化酶的影响。试验设7个组,其中试验组1-6分别在基础日粮中分别添加0、250、500、1 000、1 500和2 000 U/kg的植酸酶,试验组7不加植酸酶,加1.2%的磷酸二氢钙。每个试验组设3个重复。结果表明：添加植酸酶对日本沼虾成活率没有显著影响;WGR和SGR以添加500 U/kg植酸酶的试验组显著高于正对照组（P〈0.05）;植酸酶添加各组与对照组虾体的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和总磷含量差异不显著;与正对照组相比,日本沼虾肝胰脏蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性提高显著（P〈0.05）。结果说明,在特定试验条件下,饲料中添加植酸酶对日本沼虾的WGR、SGR有显著影响（P〈0.05）,对日本沼虾体组成影响不显著（P〉0.05）。     

2002-2008年初南太湖渔业水域环境现状分析

2002-2008年连续对南太湖渔业水域水质环境、生物环境现状以及鱼类污染物残留影响分析的监测调查研究显示,南太湖渔业水域环境朝富营养化发展的趋势越来越明显,不能满足渔业用水（相当Ⅲ类水）的水体呈逐年递增趋势。水质评价表明总磷、总氮是南太湖水域的主要污染因子,其中总氮Ⅳ类水以上比例占50.0%,而总磷更甚Ⅳ类水以上比例占95.2%,Ⅴ类及劣Ⅴ类水占50.0%。浮游植物藻类的监测结果同样显示富营养化的突出特征,南太湖湖区均以蓝藻占绝对优势,检出数量和生物量平均占浮游植物检出总量的48.9%和64.0%,且蓝藻的优势种群为铜绿微囊藻。为此如何控制外源性氮磷污染物,削减污水排放量,对改善湖泊生态环境,保障太湖渔业可持续发展至关重要。