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41.
42.
Zykwinska A Boiffard MH Kontkanen H Buchert J Thibault JF Bonnin E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(19):8926-8935
Green labeled pectins were extracted by an environmentally friendly way using proteases and cellulases being able to act on proteins and cellulose present in cell walls. Pectins were isolated from different plant byproducts, i.e., chicory roots, citrus peel, cauliflower florets and leaves, endive, and sugar beet pulps. Enzymatic extraction was performed at 50 degrees C for 4 h, in order to fulfill the conditions required for microbiological safety of extracted products. High methoxy (HM) pectins of high molar mass were extracted with three different enzyme mixtures. These pectins were subsequently demethylated with two pectin methyl esterases (PMEs), either the fungal PME from Aspergillus aculeatus or the orange PME. It was further demonstrated that high molar mass low methoxy (LM) pectins could also be extracted directly from cell walls by adding the fungal PME to the mixture of protease and cellulase. Moreover, health benefit pectic oligosaccharides, the so-called modified hairy regions, were obtained after enzymatic treatment of the residue recovered after pectin extraction. The enzymatic method demonstrates that it is possible to convert vegetable byproducts into high-added value compounds, such as pectins and pectic oligosaccharides, and thus considerably reduce the amount of these residues generated by food industries. 相似文献
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44.
Hanna RE Edgar H Moffett D McConnell S Fairweather I Brennan GP Trudgett A Hoey EM Cromie L Taylor SM Daniel R 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,157(3-4):222-234
A total of 8 calves approximately 6 months old and 22 lambs of similar age were infected with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica of various laboratory-maintained isolates including: Cullompton (sensitive to triclabendazole) and Sligo, Oberon and Leon (reported as resistant to triclabendazole). Ten to 16 weeks after infection, flukes were harvested from these experimental animals and the histology of the testis tissue was examined in a representative sample of flukes from each population. Adult wild-type flukes were also collected from 5 chronically infected cattle and 7 chronically infected sheep identified at post-mortem inspection. The testis tissue of these flukes was compared with that of the various laboratory-maintained isolates. Whilst the testes of the wild-type, Oberon and Leon flukes displayed all the usual cell types associated with spermatogenesis in Fasciola hepatica (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and mature sperm), the Cullompton flukes from both cattle and sheep showed arrested spermatogenesis, with no stages later than primary spermatocytes represented in the testis profiles. The presence of numerous eosinophilic apoptotic bodies and nuclear fragments suggested that meiotic division was anomalous and incomplete. In contrast to the wild-type flukes, no mature spermatozoa were present in the testes or amongst the shelled eggs in the uterus. A high proportion of the eggs collected from these flukes hatched to release normal-appearing miracidia after an appropriate incubation period, as indeed was the case with all isolates examined and the wild-type flukes. It is concluded that the eggs of Cullompton flukes are capable of development without fertilization, i.e. are parthenogenetic. The implications of this for rapid evolution of resistant clones following an anthelmintic selection event are discussed. Amongst the Sligo flukes examined, two subtypes were recognised, namely, those flukes with all stages of spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa present in the testes (type 1), and those flukes with all stages of spermatogenesis up to spermatids present, but no maturing spermatozoa in the testes (type 2). Each sheep infected with the Sligo isolate had both type 1 (approximately 60%) and type 2 (approximately 40%) flukes present in the population. Spermatozoa were found amongst the eggs in the uterus in 64% of flukes and this did not necessarily reflect the occurrence of spermatozoa in the testis profiles of particular flukes, suggesting that cross-fertilization had occurred. The apparent disruption of meiosis in the spermatocytes of the Cullompton flukes is consistent with reports that Cullompton flukes are triploid (3n=30), whereas the Sligo and wild-type flukes are diploid (2n=20). In the Sligo flukes the populations are apparently genetically heterogenous, with a proportion of the flukes unable to produce fully formed spermatozoa perhaps because of a failure in spermiogenesis involving elongation of the nucleus during morphogenesis. 相似文献
45.
46.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the associated risk factors of peri-anaesthetic mortality and gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits.Study design
Retrospective cohort study.Animals
A total of 185 pet rabbits admitted to the Exotic Referal Service of Beaumont Sainsbury’s Animal Hospital over the period 2009–2016.Methods
The clinical records of the rabbits were obtained from the database. To evaluate the incidence of peri-anaesthetic mortality, three possible outcomes were considered: alive, dead or euthanized within the 72 hours following the anaesthetic event. Food intake and stool production during the first 72 hours following the anaesthetic event were evaluated to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal complications. Thereafter, various hypothesized risk factors, including administration of alpha-2 agonists, body weight, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification and endotracheal intubation were tested against peri-anaesthetic mortality and gastrointestinal complications, with both univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression.Results
Twenty-five out of 185 rabbits underwent two anaesthetic events; therefore, data from 210 cases were used. Of these 210 cases, six died during sedation or general anaesthesia and four (one of which euthanized) died during the first 72 postoperative hours, accounting for an actual mortality rate equal to 4.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.025–0.086). Peri-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications developed in 77 (38%) out of the 204 anaesthetic events whose outcome was not intraoperative death (95% confidence interval, 0.314–0.446). Species-specific risk factors could not be identified for peri-anaesthetic mortality; however, the odds for post-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications increased significantly with body weight (p = 0.01).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Our findings confirm that rabbits continue to have a higher incidence of peri-anaesthetic mortality than dogs and cats, and highlight a high risk for nonfatal peri-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications in this species. 相似文献47.
Rachel E. Marschang Karola Weider Hanna Erhard Eva-Maria Klas Claudia Laik-Schandelmaier 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2018,27(4):27-30
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an important cause of disease and mortality in wild and domestic European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) throughout the world. Testing for 2 distinct RHD virus types (RHDV/RHDVa and RHDV2) was carried out on samples collected from 684 rabbits submitted from veterinary practices and private owners throughout Europe between January 2015 and June 2017. Four (0.6%) were positive for RHDV/RHDVa and 257 (37.4%) were positive for RHDV2. RHDV/RHDVa was detected in individual samples from Germany and the Netherlands, while RHDV2 was found in animals from Germany, Great Britain, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, and Finland. 相似文献
48.
Hanna??wiek-Kupczyńska Thomas?Altmann Daniel?Arend Elizabeth?Arnaud Dijun?Chen Guillaume?Cornut Fabio?Fiorani Wojciech?Frohmberg Astrid?Junker Christian?Klukas Matthias?Lange Cezary?Mazurek Anahita?Nafissi Pascal?Neveu Jan?van?Oeveren Cyril?Pommier Hendrik?Poorter Philippe?Rocca-Serra Susanna-Assunta?Sansone Uwe?Scholz Marco?van?Schriek ümit?Seren Bj?rn?Usadel Stephan?Weise Paul?Kersey Pawe??KrajewskiEmail author 《Plant methods》2016,12(1):44
49.
Acetylation of high‐amylose (70%) maize starch to high degree of substitution (DS) was studied by reacting starch with acetic anhydride using 50% aqueous NaOH as the catalyst. DS increased with increasing reaction times and increasing ratios of acetic anhydride to starch. Reaction efficiency (RE) increased with longer reaction times and decreased with increases in the ratios of acetic anhydride to starch for extended reaction times. Increasing the amount of NaOH increased both DS and RE. A series of starch acetates with DS values of 0.57–2.23 were prepared and their crystalline structures, chemical structures, thermal stability, and morphological properties were investigated. After acetylation, and as DS increased from 0.57 to 2.23, the crystalline structures of starch steadily disappeared. The carbonyl group's peak at 1,740 cm‐1 appeared in the FTIR spectra. The intensity of this peak increased with a decrease in the peak intensity of the hydroxyl groups at 3,000‐3,600 cm‐1, indicating that the hydroxyl groups on starch were replaced by the acetyl groups. Thermal stability of starch acetates increased. The smooth surface of the starch granules became rough with acetylation. Further acetylation led to the loss of the starch granules and the formation of beehive‐ and fibrous‐like structures. 相似文献
50.
Qi Fang Gerald Biby Ekramul Haque Milford A. Hanna Charles K. Spillman 《Cereal Chemistry》1998,75(2):251-253
Physical properties of ground materials from roller mills are affected by the characteristics of wheat and the operational parameters of the roller mill. Backpropagation neural networks were designed, trained, and tested for the prediction of three physical properties of ground wheat: geometric mean diameter (GMD), specific surface area increase (SSAI), and break release (BR). Eight independent variables were used as input data. Compared to conventional statistical models, the accuracy of prediction was improved substantially, as reflected by the significant reduction in root mean squared error (RMS), relative error (RE), and the increase in coefficient of determination R2 (>0.98). The neural network models are, therefore, capable of predicting the physical properties of the ground wheat. 相似文献