宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性     

不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

绵羊和水牛实验感染大片吸虫后外周血白细胞计数的分析

对绵羊和水牛在感染大片吸虫后外周血白细胞总数计数和白细胞分类计数(嗜酸性细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜碱性细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞)的特性进行研究。结果表明,绵羊对大片吸虫很不易感,水牛对大片吸虫很易感。未感染绵羊和水牛的白细胞总数有较大的差距,分别为5 956(±825)个细胞/mm3血液和12 657(±1 053)个细胞/mm3血液。未感染绵羊和水牛的嗜酸性细胞占白细胞总数的百分比小于5%。淋巴细胞占的比例最大,绵羊为59.5%,水牛达70.8%。感染绵羊和未感染绵羊的白细胞总数、嗜酸性细胞计数在感染过程中总体上存在显著差异,感染后绵羊的嗜酸性细胞的数量迅速升高,在感染后4周(4W P I)达到高峰。而感染水牛和未感染水牛白细胞总数差异不显著,但嗜酸性细胞存在显著差异,感染后水牛的嗜酸性细胞的数量升高缓慢,到8 W P I达到高峰。结果提示嗜酸性细胞在感染绵羊中更加有效地参与了杀灭大片吸虫。     

Monitoring of Atmospheric Mercury at a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Site on An-Myun Island, Korea

In order to investigate the regional background concentration levels of mercury (Hg), measurements were routinely recorded on An-Myun Island off the coast of Korea (December 2004 to April 2006). The mean concentration of Hg computed from the entire measurement period was 4.61?±?2.21 ng m^?3 with a range of 0.10–25.4 ng m^?3 (N?=?10,485). Using these data, we inspected various aspects of Hg behavior from the relatively remote island of An-Myun in Korea. Inspection of the seasonal patterns of Hg indicated that its concentration levels generally peaked in spring, while reached a minimum in summer. The summertime deficiency of Hg along with the lack of diurnal variation suggests that the environmental behavior of Hg at the study site was strongly suppressed by heavy precipitation during specific period. The diurnal variations of Hg, typically characterized by a relative daytime dominance, are distinguishable between seasons so that such patterns disappear during the summer. The results of our analysis, when inspected in terms of long-range transport of airborne pollutants, imply that Hg concentration levels can be affected intensively by trans-boundary input processes over certain period of time. Its springtime dominance hence suggests the combined effects of various local source processes and the meteorological conditions favorable for the massive air mass transport phenomenon (such as Asian Dust storms) during that time period.     

黄淮海平原县域农村居民点布局优化及其整治策略

为合理确定农村居民点的布局优化方向,科学指导土地整治和新农村建设中农村居民点的迁移合并实践,该文以河北省曲周县为例,从农村居民点自身发展条件和邻近居民点的空间相互作用关系2个角度,构建了以斑块为单元符合平原区特点的农村居民点结节性指数评价体系,利用多因素综合评价法测算了各农村居民点结节性指数值;利用引力模型确定了整理单元,总结出农村居民点间的4种空间相互作用关系,即串联型、并联型、聚合型、双核型;在此基础上,分别利用场强模型和引力模型将河北省曲周县242个主要农村居民点划分为城镇化型、重点发展型、规模控制型和迁移合并型,并有针对性的提出布局优化调控建议。研究结果符合曲周县实际情况,为当地农村居民点整理工作提供了依据,对黄淮海平原其他农区的农村居民点科学规划与布局有一定借鉴意义。     

广东省1992-2015年土地覆被变化的时空差异及其成因

[目的] 从地形和社会经济两个因素出发探讨广东省土地覆被变化的时空差异及成因，为土地资源的可持续利用提供依据。[方法] 基于1992-2015年间广东省土地覆被数据，使用土地利用动态度、土地利用转移矩阵、灰色关联分析等方法量化土地覆被变化的时空特征与差异。[结果] 广东省土地覆被变化以2000年为节点可分为前期（1992-2000年）和后期（2000-2015年）两个阶段。前期耕地面积显著增加，建筑用地面积增速缓慢；后期耕地面积减小，建筑用地面积扩张迅速。地形因素造成土地覆被变化存在空间差异性。在高程低，坡度缓的区域土地覆被变化主要是耕地转化为建筑用地，而在坡度中等区域主要是林地转为耕地。社会经济因素造成土地覆被变化呈现较明显时间差异性，多种因子驱动广东省土地覆被发生变化。但对于不同的土地覆被类型，驱动因子前后期的关联度大小不同，土地覆被发生变化是多种因子驱动叠加的结果。[结论] 地形因素会造成土地覆被变化的空间差异，而社会经济因素导致土地覆被变化的时间差异。     

Measurement of Atmospheric Formaldehyde and Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy during Winter and Summer Intensive Periods in Seoul, Korea

Ozone effects on Mediterranean forests were studied for 10 years in southern France. The aim of these studies was to understand the impact of the pollutant on foliar damage among Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill) and Arolla pine (Pinus cembra L) populations. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, ozone concentrations were measured using UV absorption analysers (4) and passive samplers (29) at two forest monitoring sites: Site 1 in the Nice coastal area for Aleppo pine and Site 2 in the Mercantour mountains for Arolla pine, in the vicinity of tree observation sites. AOT 40 values were quite high (25–33 ppm.h), especially in the Mercantour mountains, for the 5 months of measurement. Foliar damage (defoliation and discoloration) and specific symptoms (chlorotic mottle) were observed on 8 Aleppo pine and 13 Arolla pine plots. For Arolla pines, there was a significant correlation between defoliation and chlorotic mottles. There was also a correlation between mean ozone concentrations measured by passive samplers and chlorotic mottles. These correlations were less significant for Aleppo pine.     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀有效防治战略

 通过总结、梳理黄土高原治理的经验教训,认为应从遵循自然与经济规律上确立治理战略和制定当前的治理对策。治理战略一是从理念上认识黄土高原土壤侵蚀是在自然侵蚀的基础上叠加了人类加速侵蚀的结果,人类目前还无法根除土壤侵蚀的危害;二是从治理目标上确定有限目标和有限水保产业目标。战略措施是:建立坝系高产基本农田;依靠植被自然恢复功能,以水定树搞好植被恢复与建设;贯彻径流调控和综合治理路线,搞好小流域综合防治。对当前的防治对策提出了见解和建议。     

农业废弃物两相厌氧处理技术的研究

以两只750mlUASB反应器分别作为酸化相和甲烷相进行农业废弃物厌氧处理的研究,两相中,都培养出了颗粒污泥。酸化相有机负荷达240kgCOD/m³[bed]·d,HRT=1.6h,酸化率66％,COD去除率4％～8％,甲烷相有机负荷达88kgCOD/m³[bed]·d,HRT=3.7h,COD去除率大于85％。两相COD总去除率大于90％,总有机负荷60kgCOD/m³[bed]·d。并结合扫描电镜照片,对两相颗粒污泥的形成,菌体分布规律等进行了探讨。     

Genetic Diversity in Accessions of Wild Rice Oryza granulata from South and Southeast Asia

Oryza granulata, an upland wild rice species, represents an unique germplasm for possessing abilities of tolerance to shade and drought, immune to bacterial blight and resistance to brown planthopper. Although low degree of genetic variability has been revealed within its populations, little genetic information at the species level is available in determining rational conservation strategies. Here we used dominant DNA marker random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) to assess the genetic variability among 23 accessions of O. granulata that collected from main distribution areas worldwide. Twenty decamer primers generated a total of 243 bands, with 83.5% of them (203 bands) being polymorphic. Calculation of Shannon index of diversity revealed an average value of 0.42 ± 0.25, indicating that O. granulata maintains a relatively high degree of genetic diversity on the species level. Analysis of genetic dissimilarity (GD) showed that genetic differentiation occurred among studied accessions, which supports the feasibility of current ex situ conservation strategies. We also suggested that information based on population studies, which could be achieved by international co-operation, is needed to conserve this widespread germplasm more effectively.