圆盘式开沟机抛土性能的研究

近年来,新疆的果园开沟装备较过去人工开沟得到了跨越式发展,一个完备的技术体系正在逐步建立,但受功耗高、效率低、回流多等因素制约,果园开沟装备在稳定性方面仍存在许多不足,严重影响开沟性能。为此,有必要对适用于新疆矮、密种植模式的果园圆盘式开沟技术进行一个系统总结与分析,为后续开沟的技术装备研发指明方向。为此,分析了国内外旋耕机对抛撒轨迹的研究现状,总结了目前已有的正转旋耕模型和反转旋耕模型两种旋耕模型研究现状,分析了基于MatLab、Simulink、高速摄像机、高速数字图像采集和图像处理等技术对盘式开沟机开沟刀具运动、土块单元运动情况,并探究了影响圆盘式开沟机抛洒轨迹的的主要因素,展望了未来果园圆盘式开沟技术装备发展方向。     

Possibility of using a SPAD chlorophyll meter to establish a normalized threshold index of nitrogen status in different potato cultivars

Leaf SPAD values are thought to be an indicator of potato nitrogen (N) status; however, when making plant N diagnosis, no single threshold leaf SPAD value can be used for all potato cultivars because of cultivar variation. We conducted field experiments over 3?years to test whether the difference in SPAD values between the upper and lower leaves was consistent among potato cultivars, and whether this value responded to N application levels. The results showed cultivar affects the SPAD values of the fourth and eighth leaves (SPAD_L4 and SPAD_L8), but not SPAD_L4-8, the difference between SPAD_L4 and SPAD_L8. Moreover, the SPAD_L4-8 values responded well to N application levels. Therefore the SPAD_L4-8 could be applied as a general index of N status across different potato cultivars, and establishing a threshold SPAD_L4-8 value might be more useful in guiding N fertilization recommendations for different potato cultivars.     

Evaluation and scenario simulation for forest ecological security in China

Continuously growing populations and rapid economic development have led to the excessive use of forest resources,and the forest ecosystem is threatened.In response,forest ecological security(FES)has attracted attention.In this study,an integrated dynamic simulation model was constructed using the system dynamic method,and it was used to evaluate the FES in China from 1999 to 2014.A scenario analysis was then used to evaluate the changes in the FES under five forestry policy scenarios for the 2015–2050 period,including the baseline,afforestation policy,harvesting policies,management policy,investment policy,and a policy mix.The results showed that the evaluation values of the FES increased during the period from 1999 to 2002,the period from 2004 to 2010 and the year 2014,and they decreased in 2003 and during the period from 2011 to 2013.During the 2015–2050 simulation period,the FES improved continuously.In particular,China would enter a new stage when the economic systems,social systems and ecosystems were in harmony after 2040.To improve the FES and the current status of the FES,a scenario analysis showed the most suitable scenario to be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2020 and Scenario 2 from 2021 to 2050.To relieve pressure,the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2040 and from 2046 to 2050,and the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 4 for 2041–2045.A policy mix(Scenario 5)would be most efficient under current conditions,while the effects of all the benefits of the forestry policies would weaken over the long term.The integrated method can be regarded as a decision support tool to help policy makers understand FES and promulgate a reasonable forestry policy.     

去除取样法估算鳄蜥的种群数量

一直以来对野外鳄蜥种群数量的调查主要使用样线法和标志重捕法。为了更好地估算鳄蜥的种群数量,本研究在2016年7月25日至31日使用去除取样法对广西大桂山鳄蜥国家级保护区内鱼散冲的1.9 km的样线进行了调查。结果显示,鱼散冲的鳄蜥种群数量为101只,种群密度为53只/km。鳄蜥由于其特殊的栖息环境和生活习性,适合于采用去除取样法调查其种群数量和密度。     

Effects of topography on soil organic carbon stocks in grasslands of a semiarid alpine region,northwestern China

Purpose

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in mountainous regions is characterized by strong topography-induced heterogeneity, which may contribute to large uncertainties in regional SOC stock estimation. However, the quantitative effects of topography on SOC stocks in semiarid alpine grasslands are currently not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to determine the role of topography in shaping the spatial patterns of SOC stocks.

Materials and methods

Soils from the summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope, and toeslope positions along nine toposequences within three elevation-dependent grassland types (i.e., montane desert steppe at ~?2450 m, montane steppe at ~?2900 m, and subalpine meadow at ~?3350 m) are sampled at four depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm). SOC content, bulk density, soil texture, soil water content, and grassland biomass are determined. The general linear model (GLM) is employed to quantify the effects of topography on the SOC stocks. Ordinary least squares regressions are performed to explore the underlying relationships between SOC stocks and the other edaphic factors.

Results and discussion

In accordance with the present results, the SOC stocks at 0–60 cm show an increasing trend in respect to the elevation zone, with the highest stock being approximately 37.70 g m^?2 in the subalpine meadow, about 2.07 and 3.41 times larger than that in the montane steppe and montane desert steppe, respectively. Along the toposequences, it is revealed the SOC stocks are maximal at toeslope, reaching to 14.98, 31.76, and 49.52 kg m^?2, which are also significantly larger than those at the shoulder by a factor of 1.38, 2.31, and 1.44, in montane desert steppe, montane steppe, and subalpine meadow, respectively. Topography totally is seen to explain about 84% of the overall variation in SOC stocks, of which 70.61 and 9.74% are attributed to elevation zone and slope position, while the slope aspect and slope gradient are seen to plausibly explain only about 1.84 and 0.01%, respectively.

Conclusions

The elevation zone and the slope position are seen to markedly shape the spatial patterns of the SOC stocks, and thus, they may be considered as key indicating factors in constructing the optimal SOC estimation model in such semiarid alpine grasslands.

     

浅析阿拉善左旗林业有害生物防治现状及应对措施

文章对阿拉善左旗林业有害生物防治现状进行了调查,分析了林业有害生物监测防治工作存在的问题,提出做好林业有害生物防治社会化服务工作应对的措施,对于建立起适应当前林业改革和发展形势需要的林业有害生物防治公共服务保障体系提供了理论依据。     

SCE标定结合EnKF同化遥感和WOFOST模型模拟冬小麦时序LAI

WOFOST(world food studies)模型可用于模拟冬小麦全生育期内的时序叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI),各器官生物量以及最终产量,对冬小麦的长势监测与产量预估有着重要意义。但将WOFOST模型用于中国具体区域的冬小麦生长模拟时,存在着参数定标困难、模拟结果不够准确等严重问题。目前对该模型的定标大多依靠研究者的经验进行,虽已总结出了一套从标定到模拟应用的研究方法,但在区域模拟时仍然存在很多问题。为此,该文以较易获取的LAI为参考指标,结合潜在生长水平模式下的WOFOST模型在衡水地区的应用,提出了一种"区域优化标定,像元同化修正"的研究方法:首先在区域尺度上对WOFOST模型进行优化标定,利用扩展傅里叶幅度灵敏度检验法(extend fourier amplitude sensitivity test, EFAST)分析模型各个参数的敏感性,在此基础上选择了可以迅速找到全局最优解的SCE(shuffled complex evolution)算法对总敏感度最高的5个参数进行优化,并将优化前后的时序LAI曲线进行对比;其次运用第一步确定的模型最优参数,在对区域内每个像元进行模拟时,结合Sentinel-2卫星数据反演所得的各个像元LAI,利用集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble kalman filter, EnKF)在像元尺度上对LAI进行同化修正,并结合采样点的2次实测LAI数据对同化所得结果进行验证。试验发现,优化标定后的WOFOST模型模拟所得LAI曲线更接近所给的LAI真值,在此基础上结合数据同化模拟得出的衡水地区每个像元LAI的R2达到0.87,RMSE仅为0.62。因此,与原来只能通过经验进行定标的方法相比,该方法有效地解决了WOFOST模型在具体应用中亟待解决的复杂标定问题,并且结合同化修正有效地提高了模型在各个像元的模拟精度,R2由0.70～0.83提升至了0.87,RMSE由0.89～1.36降低至了0.62。同时该文也提供了从模型标定到具体模拟整个过程中各个环节的思路与方法,有利于促进WOFOST模型在区域尺度上的应用。     

五加异个木虱越冬代成虫田间动态与防治技术

五加异个木虱是危害短梗五加的专食性害虫,为掌握该害虫越冬代成虫的田间动态和防治技术,使用不同手段处理地面并悬挂黄色粘虫板诱捕成虫。结果显示:与未悬挂粘虫板的地块相比,悬挂粘虫板的自然状态、清理地面、覆盖地膜3种处理地块五加异个木虱虫瘿数量分别降低82.23%、93.19%、98.50%;在悬挂粘虫板的3种处理中,以覆盖地膜处理的防治效果最好。建议于越冬代成虫活动前,在田间清理地面枯枝落叶并覆盖地膜,以实现五加异个木虱的无公害防治。     

我国葡萄全程机械化应用现状及发展展望

葡萄生产全程机械化水平已成为影响我国葡萄产业发展进程的关键因素。本文简单介绍了葡萄的分布状况与生产作业流程,概述了葡萄生产各个作业环节的机械化发展现状与配套机具,并对未来的葡萄机械化生产存在问题和发展方向进行了简要总结,旨在为我国葡萄生产机械化新设备的开发和利用提供一定的参考和技术指导。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中的3种抗氧化剂

为提高食品中抗氧化剂BHA,BHT,TBHQ的检测效率,利用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱进行检测试验。结果表明:3种抗氧化剂在1.6～160 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,方法检出限分别为10,10,4 mg/kg;添加水平为10倍检出限,回收率为96.0%～101.4%,相对标准偏差为0.9%～3.9%。