森林资源可持续发展的两个基本条件

森林资源是林业生产和经营基础。本文讨论了实现森林资源可持续发展的两个基本条件；林内生物的多样性；限额采伐。     

The involvement of Fas/FasL interaction in porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-inoculation-associated lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro

Lymphoid depletion of various lymphoid organs is one of the major lesions in pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The co-existence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in PMWS-affected pigs along with the more severe and wider range of lymphocyte depletion of lymphoid organs in PCV2 and PRRSV dually-inoculated pigs imply that PCV2 and PRRSV may interact in the pathogenesis of PMWS. The mechanism for the development of lymphoid depletion in PMWS-affected pigs remains controversial. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of inoculation of both viruses, singularly or in combination, on swine splenic macrophages (SMs) and co-cultured splenic (SLs) and peripheral blood (PBLs) lymphocytes in vitro. A significant reduction in the survival rate and increase in the apoptotic rate of the co-cultured SLs and PBLs and concurrent increase in the expression levels of Fas ligand (FasL) in SMs and Fas in co-cultured SLs and PBLs were demonstrated in PRRSV alone- and PCV2 and PRRSV dually-inoculated groups with the latter more prominent. The increased FasL was proven capable of inducing Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis in co-cultured FasL-sensitive Jurkat T cells. The de novo expression and production of FasL in PCV2 and PRRSV dually-inoculated SMs and concurrently increased surface expression of Fas in co-cultured lymphocytes may contribute, at least partially, to lymphoid depletion in PMWS-affected pigs with PCV2 and PRRSV dual infection.     

Amyloid-producing odontogenic tumor and its immunohistochemical characterization in a Shih Tzu dog

A 10-year-old, male, Shih-Tzu dog presented with swelling of the right lower jaw caused by a mass arising from the right mandibular gingiva. Radiographic examination revealed bone lysis of the right wing of the mandible. Histopathologically, the growth was characterized by indistinctly lobulated nests, islands, and strands of proliferating odontogenic and squamous epithelial cells, intermingled in close association with large numbers of irregular extracellular deposits of amyloid and amorphous calcified substance. Immunohistochemically, both epithelial components stained strongly positive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3); the squamous epithelial cells also reacted strongly with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein, whereas the odontogenic epithelial cells displayed weak immunoreactivity to NSE and partial reactivity to S-100 protein. The amyloid deposits were AE1/AE3-negative. The growth was diagnosed as an amyloid-producing odontogenic tumor.     

精料补饲水平对暖季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵和菌群结构的影响

为了研究精料补饲水平对暖季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵和菌群结构的影响,试验选取体重相近、体况良好的公牦牛48头,随机分为4组,每组12头,以放牧为对照组,3个补饲组分别补饲0.5（Ⅰ）、1.5（Ⅱ）和2.5 kg·d^-1（Ⅲ）精料。预试期10 d,正式期60 d。结果表明：1）随着精料补饲水平的提高,瘤胃液pH值,乙酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值呈线性和二次降低（P<0.05）;瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度呈线性和二次提高（P<0.05）;其中补饲Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的微生物蛋白浓度显著高于其他两组（P<0.05）。2）4组共产生3138个OTU,其中共有OTU为1337个,占总OTU数目的42.61%,对照组与补饲Ⅲ组独有OTU分别为183和106个;瘤胃液细菌的物种数、Chao1指数和香农（Shannon）指数随精料补饲的提高呈线性和二次降低（P<0.05）。3）在门水平上,瘤胃拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度呈线性和二次提高（P<0.05）;而厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度随精料补饲水平提高呈线性和二次降低（P<0.05）;放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度随精料补饲水平的提高呈线性提高（P<0.05）。在属水平上,随精料补饲水平的提高,瘤胃普雷沃菌属_1（Prevotella_1）、克里斯滕森菌科_R-7（Christensenellaceae_R-7）及普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-001（Prevotellaceae_UCG-001）相对丰度呈线性和二次提高（P<0.05）;而解琥珀酸菌属（Succiniclasticum）和瘤胃球菌科_UCG-005（Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005）相对丰度随着精料补饲水平的提高呈线性和二次降低（P<0.05）。综上所述,适宜提高精料补饲水平能够促进暖季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵,提高瘤胃部分淀粉相关降解菌的丰度。     

Reduction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in swine alveolar macrophages by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-induced interferon-alpha

Two common viral pathogens of swine, namely, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), were investigated in regard to their effects on monolayer cultures of swine alveolar macrophages (AMs). The purpose was to identify selected cellular changes and responses potentially associated with the clinical reactions of pigs infected with either or both of these viruses. Measurements included the (1) absolute and relative numbers of infected, viable, and apoptotic cells; (2) distribution of viral antigens; (3) levels of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced and their association with the extent of virus-induced cytopathology. Four groups of AMs were studied, including mock-infected, PCV2 alone-infected (PCV2-A), PRRSV alone-infected (PRRSV-A), and PCV2 and PRRSV dually infected (PCV2/PRRSV) groups. The AMs of PCV2-A group had high antigen-containing rate without cell death. There was a marked increase in cell death and apoptosis in PRRSV-A group. However, a lower PRRSV-induced infectious rate, cell death, and apoptosis were seen in PCV2/PRRSV group. High levels of IFN-alpha production were detected in PCV2-infected groups, but not in mock-infected and PRRSV-A groups. The PRRSV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) on MARC-145 cells or swine AMs was markedly reduced by pre-incubation of the cells with UV-treated or non-UV-treated supernatants of PCV2-infected AMs. In addition, the reduction in CPE was abolished when the supernatants of PCV2-infected AMs were pre-treated with a mouse anti-recombinant porcine IFN-alpha antibody. The results suggest that swine AMs were an important reservoir of PCV2; PCV2 infection reduced PRRSV infection and PRRSV-associated CPE in PCV2/PRRSV AMs; the reduction of PRRSV infection in AMs was mediated by IFN-alpha generated by PCV2 infection. The reduced PRRSV-associated CPE in AMs and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production may lead to a more severe pneumonic lesion in those dually infected pigs.     

玉米丝黑穗病菌侵染条件与栽培防病措施的研究

玉米丝黑穗病菌侵染寄主的适宜土壤温度范围为20～30℃,最高限点为35℃,最低为10℃左右。播种期与发病关系决定于种子发芽、幼苗生长速度与病菌侵染机会的多少。在吉林省的气象条件下,适期播种发病率高,早播和晚播的病株率较低。催芽播种和育苗移栽能减轻为害。种子带菌虽可传病,但侵染率不高。土壤带菌是主要传病途径。厚垣孢子在土壤中可存活三年。土壤微生物的拮抗作用是病菌丧失致病力的原因之一。此外,植物幼芽与幼根的渗出物促进厚垣孢子萌发,如遇不到寄主则丧失生命力。实行三年以上轮作及连续拔除病株是有效的栽培防病措施。     

Sudden cardiac death associated with occult hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a dog under anesthesia

A 6-year-old, 3.0 kg, neutered female, Yorkshire terrier was referred for orthopedic surgery. Cardiac arrest followed unsuccessful treatment of bradycardia and systemic arterial hypotension under general anesthesia. Postmortem examination revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A possible relationship between treatment of bradycardia, systemic arterial hypotension, and sudden cardiac death is described.     

玉林市狂犬病高发原因分析及防控建议

据卫生部公布显示：2007年广西玉林市狂犬病报告病例数是全国排名第五的地级市。对此,结合本人从事动物防疫工作的体会感受,对玉林市狂犬病高发原因进行分析,并提出防控工作的建议。     

一例副猪嗜血杆菌病的诊断与防治

2018年7月20日,山东省泰安市某猪场新购仔猪发生以腹泻、消瘦、贫血、呼吸困难为主要临床症状的疾病,发病率和死亡率分别为26.80%(67/250)和19.20%(48/250),病死率达71.64%(48/67)。剖检发现,病猪全身淋巴结肿大、出血,心外膜、胸膜、肠系膜、脑膜以及肝、脾表面有多量纤维素性渗出物,肝、脾肿大。取病猪肝脏病料进行细菌分离和PCR检测,发现分离株与副猪嗜血杆菌NCTC4557株同源性为99.00%;琼脂扩散试验结果显示,分离菌株为副猪嗜血杆菌血清4型。结合临床症状、剖检病变及实验室检测结果,确诊该病例为副猪嗜血杆菌感染。药敏试验结果显示,该分离菌对头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星、多西环素、阿莫西林、氟苯尼考等药物敏感。随采用饲料内拌入5.00%的阿莫西林可溶性粉,对病猪肌内注射头孢噻呋钠进行治疗,同时对猪舍内外进行喷洒消毒,疫情因此得到有效控制。由此提示,猪场应通过加强饲养管理和生物安全管理,减少应激因素,合理实施疫苗免疫等措施预防该病发生;一旦确诊疫情,要根据药敏试验,选用高敏感药物进行治疗。     

Misconceptions surrounding the relationship between journal impact factor and citation distribution in veterinary medicine

Objective

To define the relationship between journal impact factor (JIF) and citation distribution in veterinary journals. Citation distribution is a summary of the number of citations of individual papers published in a defined period, and JIF is said to represent the mean number of citations received by a paper published in a given journal. JIF is criticized for promoting unimportant differences between journals, exaggerating small differences in journal citation distributions by misrepresenting a skewed citation distribution. The hypothesis was that veterinary journals have a skewed citation distribution and that median citation rates between journals would be smaller than that indicated by JIF.