草鱼、鲢、鳙秋繁及其对次年春繁的影响

1991年秋催产草鱼、鲂、鲢、鳙亲鱼256组,共获鱼苗5040万尾。平均催产率78.2%,受精率71.9%,孵化率75.4%。秋繁鱼苗当年可育成10cm以上鲢、鳙鱼种和8cm以上草鱼、鲂鱼种。鱼苗到鱼种成活率为37.2%。秋繁亲鱼次年春繁催产率、受精率和孵化率基本不受影响,产卵量比往年未秋繁者低6.8%～9.6%,卵径、卵粒重和鱼苗体长等无显著差异。草鱼、鲢、鳙卵母细胞发育不同步,春繁后经60天左右强化培育,卵巢中未成熟的卵母细胞可发育成熟。     

Regulation by growth hormone of number of chondrocytes containing IGF-I in rat growth plate

Whether growth hormone stimulates longitudinal bone growth by a direct effect at the site of the growth plate or indirectly by increasing the concentration of circulating somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) has been the subject of controversy. Immunohistochemical methods were used to explore the localization and distribution of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) immunoreactivity in the epiphyseal growth plate of the proximal tibia of male rats. Cells in the proliferative zone of the growth plate of normal rats exhibited a bright immunofluorescence, whereas cells in the germinal and hypertrophic zones stained only weakly. In rats subjected to hypophysectomy, the number of fluorescent cells was markedly reduced. When the hypophysectomized rats were treated with growth hormone, either systemically or at the site of the growth plate, the number of IGF-I-immunoreactive cells in the proliferative zone was increased. The results show that IGF-I is produced in proliferative chondrocytes in the growth plate and that the number of IGF-I-containing cells is directly regulated by growth hormone. These findings suggest that IGF-I has a specific role in the clonal expansion of differentiated chondrocytes and exerts its function locally through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms.     

The social construction of production externalities in contemporary agriculture: Process <Emphasis Type="Italic">versus</Emphasis> product standards as the basis for defining “organic”

The analysis distinguishes two types of standards for defining organic produce; process standards and product standards. Process standards define organic products by the method and means of production. Product standards define organic by the physical quality of the end product. The National Organic Program (NOP) uses process standards as the basis for defining organic. However, the situation is complicated by agricultural production practices, which sometimes result in the migration of NOP prohibited substances from conventional to organic fields. When this interaction alters the value of the product or the costs of production, a production externality is said to exist. Defining organic using process, rather than product standards, influences the burden and character of production externalities. The NOPs emphasis on process standards reduces the likelihood that production externalities will emerge.B. James Deaton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business and Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph, Canada. His research examines environmental and natural resource issues. He is particularly interested in the manner in which laws, rules, and standards influence environmental quality, natural resource use, and economic development. Additional research examines the relationship between different forms of private property and economic development, public support for various criteria used to preserve farmland, and the social construction of production externalities in agriculture. Prior to his PhD training, he worked on economic development projects in Lesotho (Southern Africa) and the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky.John P. Hoehn is a Professor of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. His teaching and research activities address environmental and natural resource policies, benefit-cost analysis of environmental improvements, methods for valuing non-market goods, improved institutions for protecting, managing, and using environmental resources, and the economics of ecological resources. He teaches core courses in the departmental and university-wide graduate programs in environmental and resource economics.     

Pristane in Zooplankton

The hydrocarbon pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) occurs in unusually high concentrations (1 to 3 percent of the body fat) in the three copepods Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, and C. hyperboreus. These planktonic crustaceans appear to be the primary source of the pristane in liver oils of sharks and whales.     

Multicolor and electron microscopic imaging of connexin trafficking

Recombinant proteins containing tetracysteine tags can be successively labeled in living cells with different colors of biarsenical fluorophores so that older and younger protein molecules can be sharply distinguished by both fluorescence and electron microscopy. Here we used this approach to show that newly synthesized connexin43 was transported predominantly in 100- to 150-nanometer vesicles to the plasma membrane and incorporated at the periphery of existing gap junctions, whereas older connexins were removed from the center of the plaques into pleiomorphic vesicles of widely varying sizes. Selective imaging by correlated optical and electron microscopy of protein molecules of known ages will clarify fundamental processes of protein trafficking in situ.     

不同启动子调控下的t—PAcDNA乳腺定位表达

乳清酸蛋白 (WAP)和 β -酪蛋白 (β -Casein)是哺乳动物乳汁中的主要蛋白质 ,其基因 5′侧翼区常作为乳腺定位表达的调控序列。表达载体pSVL -WAP -tPA和pSVL - βb -tPA分别含 1.1kb的大鼠WAP启动子和 0 .6kb的牛β Casein启动子序列及t-PAcDNA。采用基因直接注射方法将 2种表达载体分别注入家兔乳腺中。溶圈试验结果显示 ,两种表达载体均能在兔乳腺细胞中得到表达 ,且以分娩后第 4天的乳汁中表达水平最高 ,分别为 45 0ng·mL-1和390ng·mL-1。为进一步研究t-PA基因乳腺定位表达调控和建立t-PA乳腺生物反应器奠定了基础。