Zur Wirkung von Milchsäure auf den Varroa-Befall der Biene

40% lactic acid was sprayed 3 times into each of two bee colonies. The rate of infestation was determined, before beginning the experiment and after each of the applications. The treatments showed a mean percentage reduction in the brood infestation byVarroa of 76,7% in the first colony and 85,2% in the second. These data indicate that it is possible to control the Varroasis by means of lactic acid successfully and without side effects.     

Zum saisonalen Auftreten der Baumwolleule,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) und ihrer Kernpolyedrose (NPV) in verschiedenen Distrikten Ägyptens

Infection rates of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in the cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis larvae were assessed from 1985 through 1986 in clover fields at El-Behiera, El-Fayoum and El-Gharbia governorates. Infection rates of the pathogen were highest near the end of spring when the cotton leafworm larval populations were increasing. For the different governorates, the percentages of virus infection were almost higher in 1985-season than in 1986. El-Fayoum-larval population was the most infected by NPV followed by El-Gharbia and El-Behiera-populations, respectively. There was a positive correlation between infection rates of NPV on one hand, and density of larva and ambient temperature on the other.     

Physikalische Felder und Insekten. Ein Übersichtsreferat

First-zones of earth radiations are shown as preferred places of aggregations of insects, especially forest insects. After a survey given about factors, probably evoking dowsing, many examples are given for influences of electric-magnetic powers and such of gravity phenomens to behaviour and vital functions of insects, particularly mentioning the results of research ofG. Becker andF. Schneider. Considering facts in literature together with own experiences in this field of investigation the opinion is expressed, that both ultraoptic factors-both of efficiency on insects: a) the electric-magnetic powers-different from their environment and b) the metal effect as a gravity phenomen are necessary for the appearance of the dowsing phenomen. The metal effect is capable to stimulate the movement of the rod, but needs for its releasing from coverings the presence of altered electric-magnetic fields. The metal effect may likely be compared to resonance oscillations of gravity waves arising on Aluminium plates, as it is supposed bySchneider.     

Polymer distribution in the cell wall of a wood-polyethylenimine composite

Summary A light microscopic (LM) visual technique to determine the polyethylenimine (PEI) distribution in a wood-PEI composite was studied by the adsorption of acid red or the circulation of Cu(II) ion with PEI in the composite. The amount of the adsorbed dye or Cu(II) on the composite increased linearly with an increase in the PEI content of the wood-PEI. The dyed composites were observed with LM under monochromatic light, corresponding to their absorption maxima at 560 nm for acid red and at 640 nm for copper chelate. The microscopic image was photographically recorded and the negative was subjected to densitometric analysis. At a polymer content lower than 4% in the composite, about 70% of total polymer was located in the middle lamella region, leaving only 30% in the secondary wall. With increasing PEI content of the composite, the concentration in the secondary wall increased, and about 80% of the polymer was located in the secondary wall at a PEI content of 27%. There were no noticeable differences between the amount of polymer detected by dyeing with acid red and by chelating with Cu(II). From the results of the line analysis of the intensity of the characteristic X-ray of uranium, the distribution of the PEI in the cell wall agreed closely with that determined by the LM method. It was concluded that the LM visual technique to determine the PEI location in the wood-PEI composite by dyeing with acid red or by chelating with Cu(II) is a simple and reliable method.     

Zur Methode des Einsatzes künstlicher Substrate zum Nachweis der Wieder- oder Neubesiedlung eines Fließgewässers durch Kriebelmücken (Simuliidae,Diptera)

It is demonstrated that the re-population of an artificial substrate by Simuliidae can be recognized both at any early larval stage and when only small numbers of individuals are present. The use of an artificial substrate is therefore a sensitive method for population studies.     

Modeling spatial variability in the life-cycle costs of low-volume forest roads

Cost estimation is probably the most decisive factor in the process of computer-aided, preliminary planning for low-volume road networks. However, the cost of construction is normally assumed to be route-independent for a specific project area, resulting in sub-optimal layouts. This is especially true for mountainous terrain and in areas with unstable subsoil. Here, we present a model for more accurately estimating spatial variability in road life-cycle costs, based on terrain surface properties as well as geological properties of the subsoil. This parametric model incorporates four structural components: embankment, retaining structures, pavement, and drainage and stream-crossing structures. It is linked to a geo-database that allows users to derive location-specific parameter values as input. In applying this model, we have demonstrated that variability in costs ranges widely for mountainous areas, with the most expensive construction being approximately five times greater there than on more favorable sites. This variability strongly affects the optimal layout of a road network. First, when location-specific slope gradients are considered, costs are reduced by about 17% from those calculated via currently available engineering practices; when both slope gradient and geotechnical formations are included, those costs are decreased by about 20%. Second, the length of the road network is increased by about 4% and 10% respectively, compared with current practices.     

竹材结构的防腐

由于在露天环境中遭遇生物腐蚀,竹秆的持久性差,所以需要采取化学手段增强其耐力.但是它的解剖构造使化学物质难以像木材那样容易进入竹材.竹秆的外部由其表皮保护防水,不像木材那样有径向渗透的途径.而其内部腔隙也有保护性纤维.化学物质的主要渗透途径位于竹秆根部微管束的后生木质部.这些渗透途径分布于横剖面,很不均匀,且少,只占总面积的8～10%,而且在通过竹节时改变方向.由于在采伐时砍伤竹秆,通向导管的细胞腔被堵塞,渗透途径也受影响.周围的薄壁细胞是竹秆组织的主要部分,它们通过微小的纹孔互相连接,只能通过弥散进入.它们所含的淀粉是昆虫和某些真菌的食品.对纤维的保护也有赖于弥散.用化学物质进行保护,对于新鲜的含水量高的竹秆效果最好.就像简单的根部处理,或技术性较强的细胞液改善.新鲜竹秆的薄壁组织和纤维也能通过垂直弥散的方法得到保护.如进行滴渍和浸渍工作,最好在竹材含水分时劈开,因为薄壁组织容易接受弥散.技术措施如竹秆的水分储存和熏蒸的过程,与竹秆的自然结构,尤其是薄壁组织有关.     

Zur Ökologie der Arthropodenfauna einer Stadtlandschaft und ihrer Umgebung II. Pflanzengallen und Pflanzenminen

The distribution of 17 dominant gall-inducing arthropods and 12 leaf miners on woody plants was analysed in the city of Kiel and surrounding habitats. The number of species and the diversity of the fauna in the two landscapes did not differ very much.Pemphigus bursarius, Schizoneura ulmi undStigmella argentipedella preferred trees in the city. In the city predominated plant parasites that hibernate on their host plant, while species overwintering in the litter on the ground or in the soil were suppressed. Important habitat factors may be mechanical perturbations near the ground (removal of leaf litter, pavement on the ground, trampling, digging of the soil). The number of species declined with decreasing size of the habitat islands (wood — bushes, hedges — individually growing trees or groups of trees on grassland — road trees), the species hibernating in the vegetation layer were favoured.