Re‐evaluating the population size of South American fur seals and conservation implications

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CASE REPORT: Keratomycosis in a dog treated with topical 1% voriconazole solution

A 2‐year‐old Jack Russell Terrier was presented for treatment of a worsening corneal ulcer and keratomalacia following removal of a vegetative foreign body. The keratomalacia responded to topical gentamicin therapy; however, the eye became suddenly painful and at examination two areas of increased opacity had developed. Fungal keratitis was demonstrated by corneal scrape showing branching, septate fungal hyphae. Treatment with 1% voriconazole was effective in resolving the keratomycosis.     

Analysis and cytologic characterization of hemocytes from freshwater mussels (Quadrula sp.)

Background: Freshwater mussels are among the most endangered taxa in North America and minimally invasive techniques to evaluate their health are needed. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a standardized approach for identifying and enumerating the cellular components of freshwater mussel hemolymph. Methods: Hemocyte clumping, total hemocyte count, and hemocyte morphology were compared in untreated hemolymph or hemolymph treated with formalin, sodium citrate, sodium heparin, EDTA, water, or l ‐cysteine. Morphology was then used to categorize hemocytes and perform a 100‐cell differential. Results: Treatment with formalin or >25 mg/mL l ‐cysteine reduced hemocyte clumping, although only formalin significantly increased the total hemocyte count. However, formalin also induced crenation that impaired hemocyte identification. Both EDTA and sodium citrate‐induced hemocyte degranulation while sodium citrate and >40 mg/mL l ‐cysteine‐induced cell lysis. Hemocytes could be categorized into 2 groups of granulocytes (eosinophilic or basophilic) and 2 groups of agranulocytes (large or small) for performing a cytologic differential. The differential was not significantly altered by anticoagulant treatments providing cell morphology was adequate for obtaining a differential. Eosinophilic granulocytes predominated (59%) with fewer large agranulocytes (27%) and basophilic granulocytes (13%). Small agranulocytes comprised 2% of the total population. Conclusions: No single treatment provided an optimal method to evaluate freshwater mussel hemolymph. Maximal hemocyte counts were obtained following formalin treatment. l ‐cysteine reduced clumping and maintained hemocyte morphology for performing a cytologic differential. These techniques provide a standardized approach for the hematologic evaluation of freshwater mussels.     

A global assessment of the impact of fisheries-related mortality on shy and white-capped albatrosses: Conservation implications

Hundreds of thousands of seabirds are killed each year as a result of interacting with longline and trawl fishing operations, and the severity of the impact varies regionally. Shy and white-capped albatrosses, Thalassarche cauta and Thalassarche steadi respectively, are phenotypically similar species known to be incidentally killed by fishing operations. The magnitude of this mortality has not previously been assessed across their range. Here we examine recent effort and bycatch rates in fisheries known to incidentally kill these species and qualitatively evaluate the level of impact of each fishery. Results indicate that over 8500 of these albatrosses may be killed annually, although the reliability of this estimate is low due to the paucity of comprehensive observer data in most fisheries. Of the estimated deaths of all seabird species in the fisheries assessed, trawl and longline fisheries killed birds in approximately equal proportions, but when the mortality levels of shy-type albatrosses were examined, trawl fisheries were responsible for 75% of all deaths. Data suggest most of these birds were killed in South African, Namibian and New Zealand demersal trawl fisheries and the South Africa pelagic longline fishery. Because most adult shy albatrosses are comparatively sedentary and rarely found outside Australian waters, it is primarily juvenile shy albatrosses that regularly encounter fishing fleets known to kill large numbers of albatrosses. In contrast, throughout most of their range juvenile and adult white-capped albatrosses are exposed to fisheries that collectively kill many thousands of these albatrosses each year. These data emphasise the urgent need for robust assessments of the impact of bycatch at a species and population level, and the urgent implementation of effective mitigation measures.     

Mesenteric vascular thrombosis associated with disseminated abdominal visceral hemangiosarcoma in a cat

An adult castrated male cat was evaluated because of a 4 day history of lethargy and partial anorexia. Physical examination revealed abdominal pain with a palpable fluid wave. Cytologic and biochemical analyses of peritoneal effusion were suggestive of septic peritonitis. On surgical exploration of the abdomen, the mesenteric vessels had no palpable pulses and they contained gross thromboses. The intestines were white with no visible peristalsis. Necropsy findings included disseminated, poorly differentiated hemangiosarcoma throughout the abdomen. Mesenteric arterioles contained fibrin thrombi. To the author's knowledge, no previous reports exist of complete mesenteric vascular thrombosis associated with disseminated abdominal visceral hemangiosarcoma in a cat.     

Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs

The purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy greyhound dogs after single oral doses targeted at 10 and 20 mg/kg PO. Six healthy greyhounds were enrolled (3 males, 3 females). Blood was obtained at predetermined times for the measurement of gabapentin plasma concentrations by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with computer software.The actual mean (and range) doses administered were 10.2 (9.1–12.0) mg/kg and 20.5 (18.2–24) mg/kg for the 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg targeted dose groups. The mean C_MAX for the 10 and 20 mg/kg groups were 8.54 and 13.22 μg/mL at 1.3 and 1.5 h, and the terminal half-lives were 3.3 and 3.4 h, respectively. The relative bioavailability of the 10 mg/kg group was 1.13 compared to the 20 mg/kg group. Gabapentin was rapidly absorbed and eliminated in dogs, indicating that frequent dosing is needed to maintain minimum targeted plasma concentrations.     

A role for the phagosome in cytokine secretion

Membrane traffic in activated macrophages is required for two critical events in innate immunity: proinflammatory cytokine secretion and phagocytosis of pathogens. We found a joint trafficking pathway linking both actions, which may economize membrane transport and augment the immune response. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is trafficked from the Golgi to the recycling endosome (RE), where vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 mediates its delivery to the cell surface at the site of phagocytic cup formation. Fusion of the RE at the cup simultaneously allows rapid release of TNFalpha and expands the membrane for phagocytosis.