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71.
72.
Sorption of anionic surfactants Aerosol-OT (AOT) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), as well as cationic surfactant Hyamine1622 on two soil surfaces were investigated. Batch equilibriumtechniques were used under laboratory conditions to observe the amount of surfactant adsorbed and desorbed to and from thesoil surfaces. Data obtained were fitted to two sorption isotherms in order to characterise the sorption process. The nature of the sorbate (i.e. the surfactant) was found to be important in the sorption process. Anionics adsorbed via hydrophobic bonding, whereas `cation-exchange' mechanism was dominant in the sorption of cationic Hyamine 1622. Anionic AOT,with a double chain, and hence a higher critical packing parameter, adsorbed more strongly onto the surface compared tothe singly-chained SDS. 相似文献
73.
Orhan Saygideger Earl O. Heady Gary F. Vocke Vincent A. Sposito 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1980,14(1):69-80
This analysis measures trade-offs between soil loss and food production costs. It is made by means of multigoal interregional programming model. The trade-off curve is derived by means of the prior weighing technique. The results indicate that soil loss from agricultural land can be decreased considerably with very little increase in costs and decrease in efficiency in food production. However, the trade-off curve has a ‘corner’ in it, and further reductions in soil loss give rise to sharp increases in food production costs. As higher costs are assigned soil loss, important shifts take place in the interregional patterns of crop production and land use. Also, further decreases in soil loss and increases in food production costs raise food prices for consumers. 相似文献
74.
Eight female New Zealand rabbits were used. The bulbus oculi was removed bilaterally from orbita then intraorbital muscles were revealed by dissection and their length and breadth and the distance of the muscle insertion to the corneal limbus were measured. Junction formations of the insertion tendon of intraorbital muscle to the sclera were identified. 相似文献
75.
Horses, donkeys, and mules have been important in Turkey for agriculture, transport, and the military for hundreds of years. Equids number more than 0.5 million in Turkey. Most horses are local types but emphasis is now on Thoroughbreds and Arabians for racing and competitions. New roles have not materialized for donkeys and mules that continue to perform their traditional activities. Disease control is assured mainly by public services acting within laws governing diseases and welfare. African horse sickness, glanders, dourine, equine infectious anemia, vesicular stomatitis, equine encephalomyelitis, anthrax, and rabies are notifiable diseases but none of the mainly equine diseases has been reported in Turkey for many years. Several zoonoses, including toxoplasmosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, and Rhodococcus infections, have been identified by serodiagnosis over wide areas, but animals carrying antibodies rarely exhibit clinical symptoms. Among other diseases in Turkish Equidae are piroplasmosis, respiratory infections, contagious equine metritis and equine influenza. Other viral and bacterial pathogens have been identified in isolated investigations. Internal and external parasites are a major cause of economic loss. Much research on equine diseases has been undertaken in the last decade of the 20th and first decade of the 21st centuries, perhaps because of Turkey's possible accession to the European Union and the goal to harmonize identification and control procedures and also because of the country's increasing participation in international equine events. This paper reviews animal health services and provides a bibliography of more than 100 references covering horse, donkey, and mule diseases in Turkey. 相似文献
76.
Sezai Ercisli Emine Orhan Ahmet Esitken Nalan Yildirim Guleray Agar 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(4):613-618
Turkey is an important producer of cornelian cherries (Cornus mas L.), especially in northern Anatolia. Seed propagation and long-term human selection has given rise to a great diversity
of trees. Twenty-six cornelian cherry genotypes (CC1–CC26) from the Coruh Valley in northern Anatolia were evaluated for genetic
relationships by using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, based on 56 decamer random primers, seven of which
showed reliable polymorphisms. These seven primers generated 80 markers, with 77 (96.25%) displaying polymorphisms. Cluster
analysis of the cornelian cherry genotypes was performed based on data from polymorphic RAPD bands, by using Jaccard’s similarity
coefficient and the Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering method. A similarity matrix showed
that the highest genetic similarity (0.913) was between CC15 and CC16 and the least (0.129) was between CC4 and CC16. The
cophenetic correlation coefficient between the similarity matrix and the cophenetic matrix of the dendrogram was relatively
high (r = 0.87), supporting the validity of the dendrogram. Based on these results, RAPD analysis can be used for the characterization
and grouping of cornelian cherry genotypes. Genetically divergent genotypes identified in this study may be useful for future
breeding programs. This is the first study demonstrating that RAPD analyses can be used to differentiate and classify cornelian
cherry genotypes. 相似文献
77.
Mules are known to have been used as carriage and riding animals in Mesopotamia and
Anatolia as early as the beginning of the second millennium BC but may have been first
bred in Anatolia in the Third Century BC. They have thus contributed to Turkey’s cultural,
social and economic heritage for more than 4,000 years and were an ancient component of
its guild of domestic animals and overall biodiversity. Once bred country-wide most mules
are now introduced “illegally” to the southeast and east from Iraq and Iran. Mules are now
bred only in one small area in north-central Turkey close to the Black Sea. The major role
as a pack animal has been usurped since the mid-twentieth century by increasing use of
motor transport and numbers have declined rapidly since the early 1980s. In 2009 about
51,500 mules remained in Turkey, mainly distributed in discrete areas in the extreme
southeast, the centre-south, the northwest and the centre-north. In the southeast the main
role is in cross-border trade (much of it described as smuggling) whereas in other areas
mules are used in support of pastoral and farming operations. Mules in Turkey are of
various colours but are generally large and strong compared to those found in many other
countries. Pressure on numbers will continue and will exert a negative effect on a part of
Turkey’s national heritage and domestic animal biodiversity. 相似文献
78.
Water buffalo are an ancient component of Turkey’s domestic livestock resources. Commonly referred to as the Anatolian buffalo
the animal is part of the Mediterranean group which includes Syrian, Egyptian and Southeast European animals. Once quite numerous,
there have been drastic reductions in their numbers since the 1970s due to intensification of dairy activities, agricultural
mechanization and changing consumer preferences. The main areas of distribution are in northwest Turkey in the Marmara and
Black Sea Regions. Buffalo are kept in small herds by livestock and mixed crop–livestock farmers. Milk is the main product,
meat is largely a by-product of the dairy function and provision of the once-important draught power is now a minor output.
Buffalo milk is used to prepare a variety of speciality products but output of both milk and meat is very low in comparison
to cattle. Conditions of welfare and health status are not optimal. Internal parasites are a constraint on productivity. Some
buffalo are being used for conservation grazing in the Black Sea area to maintain optimal conditions for bird life in a nature
reserve. Long neglected by government there are recent activities to establish conservation herds, set up in vitro banks and
undertake molecular characterization. More effort is needed by government to promote buffalo production and to engage the
general public in conservation of their national heritage. 相似文献
79.
During 2003 and 2005, plant growth promoting effects of two Bacillus strains OSU-142 (N2-fixing) and M3 (N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing) were tested alone or in combinations on organically grown primocane fruiting raspberry (cv. Heritage) plants in terms of yield, growth, nutrient composition of leaves and variation of soil nutrient element composition in the province of Erzurum, Turkey. The results showed that Bacillus M3 treatment stimulated plant growth and resulted in significant yield increase. Inoculation of raspberry plant roots and rhizosphere with M3 and/or OSU-142 + M3, significantly increased yield (33.9% and 74.9%), cane length (13.6% and 15.0%), number of cluster per cane (25.4% and 28.7%) and number of berries per cane (25.1% and 36.0%) compared with the control, respectively. In addition, N, P and Ca contents of raspberry leaves with OSU-142 + M3 treatment, and Fe and Mn contents of the leaves of raspberry with M3 and OSU-142 + M3 applications significantly improved under organic growing conditions. Bacterial applications also significantly effected soil total N, available P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn contents and pH. Available P contents in soil was determined to be increased from 1.55 kg P2O5/da at the beginning of the study to 2.83 kg P2O5/da by OSU-142, to 5.36 kg P2O5/da by M3 and to 4.71 kg P2O5/da by OSU-142 + M3 treatments. The results of this study suggest that Bacillus M3 alone or in combination with Bacillus OSU-142 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition of raspberry plant under organic growing conditions. 相似文献
80.
I. Erdogan Orhan E. GunerN. Ozturk F.S. SenolS. Aslan Erdem M. KartalB. Sener 《Industrial Crops and Products》2012,37(1):213-218
In the present study, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the fruit and leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) of Turkish origin were evaluated. Enzyme inhibitory activity of the extracts was tested in vitro using ELISA microplate reader. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferrous ion-chelation, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Phenolic composition of the extracts was elucidated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fatty acid compositions of the fatty oils of the fruits and leaves were elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The ethyl acetate extract from the leaves showed the highest inhibition against AChE (33.63 ± 1.40%) and BChE (92.89 ± 3.05%). The methanol extract from the leaves exerted the best antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, while the ethyl acetate extracts of the fruits and leaves had the most notable effect in metal-chelation assay. 相似文献