Genome-wide identification and characterization of novel long non-coding RNA in Ruminal tissue affected with sub-acute Ruminal acidosis from Holstein cattle

Veterinary Research Communications - Sub-acute ruminal acidosis is a type of metabolic disorder in which affected cattle show a considerable depression of rumen pH. This leads to a dramatic decline...     

Dietary astaxanthin modulated the performance,gastrointestinal histology,and antioxidant and immune responses and enhanced the resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi infection

Aquaculture International - Astaxanthin (AX) is one of the commonly used feed supplements to enhance the growth performance and provide antioxidant and immune functions of several aquatic animals....     

Kinetics of phosphorus release from calcareous soils under different land use in Iran

The rate of phosporus (P) release from soils can significantly influence P fertility of soils. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of land‐use types on the kinetics of P release under different management practices and the relationship between kinetic parameters and soil physical and chemical properties from calcareous soils. The kinetics of P release in 0.01 M CaCl₂ was studied in surface samples of 30 calcareous soils planted to garlic, garden, pasture, potato, vegetables, and wheat. Trend in P‐release kinetics was similar between land‐use types. Significantly different quantities of P were released under different land use. The maximum amount (average of five soils) (46.4 mg kg^–1) of P was released in soil under potato and the minimum amount (10.4 mg kg^–1) under pasture. The kinetics of P release from soils can be described as an initial rapid rate followed by a slower rate. Different models were used to describe P release. In general, parabolic diffusion and power equation were found to be appropriate for modeling P release. The P‐release rate for the soils was estimated by parabolic equation for the studied land‐use types. The constant b was lower for pasture and wheat than for garlic and potato. The relationship between the rate of P release with Olsen‐P was linear, while it was curved with respect to the CaCl₂‐P, indicating that release of P was diffusion‐controlled. When the kinetic parameters of models were regressed on soil properties, CaCl₂‐P and CaCO₃ appeared to be the most important soil properties influencing P‐release rates in these soils.     

Phosphorus leaching in a calcareous soil treated with plant residues and inorganic fertilizer

Column experiments were conducted over 45 d to determine the degree of P mobility. The sandy loam soil was spiked with 200 mg P kg^–1 and 5% organic residues. The treatments included: control without any water‐soluble P and plant residues, potato, wheat, water‐soluble P fertilizer, wheat + water‐soluble P, and potato + water‐soluble P. Each column was leached with distilled water, and leachates were collected and analyzed for P, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, along with pH and EC. Sequential extraction was performed on soil samples at the end of leaching column experiments. The relatively high initial concentration of P in the leachates decreased to more stable values after 15 d which can be attributed to the colloid‐bound P. The P concentrations in the leachates fluctuated between 8 and 220 mg L^–1 in the water‐soluble–P fertilizer treatment, between 0.80 and 230 mg L^–1 in the potato + water‐soluble‐P treatment, and between 0.90 and 214 mg L^–1 in the wheat + water‐soluble P treatment. Leaching loss of P mainly occurred in the 15 d of leaching, accounting for 94%, 88%, and 65% of total P leached in wheat + water‐soluble‐P, potato + water‐soluble‐P, and water‐soluble‐P treatments, respectively. Maximum amount of P leached was found from an exponential kind model and was in the range 0.45 mg kg^–1 to 125.4 mg kg^–1 in control and potato + water‐soluble‐P treatments, respectively. Sequential extraction results showed that in control and amended soils the major proportion of P was associated with Ca. The leachate samples in all treatments were saturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, β‐tricalcium phosphate, and octacalcium phosphate up to 20 d of leaching, whereas they were undersaturated with respect to Mg‐P minerals through the entire leaching experiment.     

Chemical fractionation of phosphorus in calcareous soils of Hamedan,western Iran under different land use

We investigated the effects of land uses on P distribution and availability in selected calcareous soils under different management practices. KCl‐P (labile P), NaOH‐P (Fe‐Al‐bound P), HCl‐P (Ca‐bound P), and residual P (Res‐P) fractions at 0–30 cm depth were determined for soils planted to garlic, orchard, pasture, potato, leafy vegetables, and wheat. Trends in P distribution between chemical fractions were similar between land uses. Ca‐bound P was the most abundant P fraction in the soils, constituting between 61% and 78% of the total P, whereas P associated with labile was less abundant (< 2%). Soils under leafy vegetables and wheat along with pasture presented the highest and lowest values in all fractions of P, respectively. Labile P generally was highest for leafy vegetables and potato. Labile P and Fe‐Al‐bound P comprised < 1.4% and 8% of total P, respectively. Residual P ranged from ≈ 14% (potato and garlic) to 31% (pasture). Long‐term fertilization increased P allocation to inorganic fractions, as Ca‐bound P contained 78% of total P for potato and garlic and 74% for leafy vegetables but 61% for pasture. A strong positive correlation between labile P and Fe‐Al‐bound P (r = 0.534, p < 0.01), labile P and Ca‐bound P (r = 0.574, p < 0.01), Ca‐bound P and Fe‐Al‐bound P (r = 0.504, p < 0.01), Olsen‐P and CaCl₂‐P (r = 0.821, p < 0.01) was found. Principal‐component analysis showed that the first four components accounted for most of the variation, 32.5%, 16.9%, 12.9%, and 7.9% of total variation, respectively.     

The joint action of insect growth regulators and insecticides on strains of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. That are susceptible or resistant to aminocarb

An investigation was made of the action of the juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs) methoprene (ZR-515) and 3-[5-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-methylpent-3-enyl]-2, 2-dimethyloxirane (R-20458), and the insecticides chlorpyrifos and methomyl, when applied, separately or in combination, to the late insect stages of susceptible (S) and aminocarb-resistant (R_m) strains of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Sixth-instar larvae of the R_m strain showed detectable levels of cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos, methomyl and R-20458. However, cross-resistance to methoprene was less pronounced in the R_m strain. Treatment of the same instar with the ED₅₀ of methoprene produced an appreciable level of sterility in the S strain, but this level decreased in the R_m strain. Similar treatment with R-20458 caused a lower level of sterility in the S strain and the R_m strain was less affected. In the S strain, the ED₂₅ of either chlorpyrifos or methomyl when applied simultaneously with the ED₂₅ of R-20458, produced an antagonistic effect and the R_m strain was more capable of resisting the joint action of these compounds. The treatment, ED₂₅ chlorpyrifos + ED₂₅ methoprene produced an additive effect on the S strain, while the R_m strain tolerated their combined action. Nevertheless, the treatment, ED₂₅ methomyl + ED₂₅ methoprene produced additive effects on both the S and R_m strains. The prepupae of the R_m strain tolerated the action of the insecticides methomyl and chlorpyrifos. A similar pattern of cross-resistance was also detected against the action of the two hormones at the ED₂₅ level, while at the ED₂₅ level, both the S and R_m strains were almost equally sensitive to the action of the two juvenoids. Chlorpyrifos-JHA combinations produced additive effects on prepupae of the S strain while the R_m strain completely resisted their joint action. Methomyl-JHA combinations produced high potentiation in the S strain, but the R_m strain remained insensitive to their joint action. Detectable levels of tolerance to the action of chlorpyrifos and methomyl at the ED₂₅ and ED₅₀ levels were indicated in 2-day-old pupae of the R_m strain. This was less evident in the case of JHAs, particularly methoprene, which was to some extent equally effective on both strains; the reproductive ability of the S and R_m strains was highly affected by this compound. The pupae of the R_m strains were equally as affected as those of the S strain by the combination ED₂₅ chlorpyrifos+ ED₂₅ R-20458. Nevertheless, the two strains showed antagonism to the action of chlorpyrifos with methoprene. A high level of potentiation was produced in the S strain to the combination of methomyl and R-20458 but the R_m strain was able to withstand their combined action. Of interest in this respect was the action of the combination of methomyl and methoprene, for which high levels of potentiation were detected in pupae of the S and R_m strains. This combination also Produced a high percentage of sterility in mated females of the R_m strain.