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271.
Nene V Wortman JR Lawson D Haas B Kodira C Tu ZJ Loftus B Xi Z Megy K Grabherr M Ren Q Zdobnov EM Lobo NF Campbell KS Brown SE Bonaldo MF Zhu J Sinkins SP Hogenkamp DG Amedeo P Arensburger P Atkinson PW Bidwell S Biedler J Birney E Bruggner RV Costas J Coy MR Crabtree J Crawford M Debruyn B Decaprio D Eiglmeier K Eisenstadt E El-Dorry H Gelbart WM Gomes SL Hammond M Hannick LI Hogan JR Holmes MH Jaffe D Johnston JS Kennedy RC Koo H Kravitz S Kriventseva EV Kulp D Labutti K Lee E Li S Lovin DD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5832):1718-1723
We present a draft sequence of the genome of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for yellow fever and dengue fever, which at approximately 1376 million base pairs is about 5 times the size of the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Nearly 50% of the Ae. aegypti genome consists of transposable elements. These contribute to a factor of approximately 4 to 6 increase in average gene length and in sizes of intergenic regions relative to An. gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster. Nonetheless, chromosomal synteny is generally maintained among all three insects, although conservation of orthologous gene order is higher (by a factor of approximately 2) between the mosquito species than between either of them and the fruit fly. An increase in genes encoding odorant binding, cytochrome P450, and cuticle domains relative to An. gambiae suggests that members of these protein families underpin some of the biological differences between the two mosquito species. 相似文献
272.
From burgers to biodiversity? The McDonaldization of on-farm nature conservation in the UK 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper uses George Ritzer’s account of McDonaldization – the socially transformative process of rationalization – to undertake
a critical analysis of agri-environment schemes, the dominant form of on-farm nature conservation in England. Drawing on a
wide range of evidence, including social surveys of the participants and non-participants of agri-environment schemes, government
files, and interviews with government officials, the four key dimensions of McDonaldization – efficiency, calculability, predictability,
and control (through non-human technologies) – are applied to the analysis of agri-environment schemes. The irrationalities
emerging from a McDonaldized approach to nature conservation are discussed together with their implications for farmers, nature,
and society. In conclusion, the paper points to the emergence of alternative models of on-farm nature conservation that may
offer ways of resisting and displacing the McDonaldized version.
Carol
Morris
is Professor of Geography at the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Her research is broadly concerned with the application
of social scientific approaches to the critical analysis of issues and problems affecting the rural environment and agro-food
system in British and European contexts.
Matt Reed
is Research Fellow in the ESRC Centre for the Study of Genomics in Society (EGENIS), University of Exeter, UK and a visiting
Fellow in the Centre for Rural Research at the University of Exeter, UK. The main focus of his research has been the organic
food and farming movement, but he also has conducted research on family farming, rural protest movements, and the local food
economy. 相似文献
273.
274.
Grey mullets (Mugilidae) are important to recreational fisheries throughout the developed world. In Australia, several species are angled and then released in large numbers; all with virtually unknown fate. In response to the need for such data to facilitate effective stock management, this study sought to quantify the post-release mortality and key causal factors for sand mullet (Myxus elongatus). A total of 125 fish were conventionally angled, and then released along with 50 controls into floating cages in a south eastern Australian estuary, where they were monitored for four days. Five treatment fish died, providing a non-significant mortality of 4%. The few fatalities were mostly explained by a significant positive relationship with the length of trace (between the float and hook) used, and bleeding during release. While sand mullet appear quite tolerant of catch and release, their welfare nevertheless could be improved through simple changes to fishing strategies. 相似文献
275.
276.
Bruno Glaser Roland Bol Neil Preedy Kevin B. McTiernan Matt Clark Wulf Amelung 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2001,164(5):467-474
Land application of animal wastes from intensive grassland farming has caused growing environmental problems during the last decade. This study aimed to elucidate the short‐term sequestration of slurry‐derived C and N in a temperate grassland soil (Southwest England) using natural abundance 13C and 15N stable isotope techniques. Slurry was collected from cows fed either on perennial ryegrass (C3) or maize (C4) silages. 50 m3 ha—1 of each of the obtained C3 or C4 slurries (δ13C = —30.7 and —21.3‰, δ15N = +12.2 and + 13.8 ‰, respectively) were applied to a C3 soil with δ13C and δ15N values of —30.0 ± 0.2‰ and + 4.9 ± 0.3‰, respectively. Triplicate soil samples were taken from 0—2, 2—7.5, and 7.5—15 cm soil depth 90 and 10 days before, at 2 and 12 h, as well as at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after slurry application and analyzed for total C, N, δ13C, and δ15N. No significant differences in soil C and N content were observed following slurry application using conventional C and N analysis techniques. However, natural abundance 13C and 15N isotope analysis allowed for a sensitive temporal quantification of the slurry‐derived C and N sequestration in the grassland soil. Our results showed that within 12 hours more than one‐third of the applied slurry C was found in the uppermost soil layer (0—2 cm), decreasing to 18% after 2 days, but subsequently increasing to 36% after 2 weeks. The tentative estimate of slurry‐derived N in the soil suggested a decrease from 50% 2 hours after slurry application to only 26% after 2 weeks, assuming that the increase in δ15N of the slurry plots compared to the control is proportional to the amount of slurry‐incorporated N. We conclude that the natural abundance tracer technique can provide a rapid new clue to the fate of slurry in agricultural C and N budgets, which is important for environmental impacts, farm waste management, and climate change studies. 相似文献