Investigations of La Rioja terroir for wine production using 1H NMR metabolomics

In this study, La Rioja wine terroir was investigated by the use of (1)H NMR metabolomics on must and wine samples. Rioja is a small wine region in central northern Spain which can geographically be divided into three subareas (Rioja Alta, Rioja Baja, and Rioja Alavesa). The winemaking process from must, through alcoholic and malolactic fermentation, was followed by NMR metabolomics and chemometrics of nine wineries in the Rioja subareas (terroirs). Application of interval extended canonical variate analysis (iECVA) showed discriminative power between wineries which are geographically very close. Isopentanol and isobutanol compounds were found to be key biomarkers for this differentiation.     

Effects of Wood Amendments on the Degradation of Terbuthylazine and on Soil Microbial Community Activity in a Clay Loam Soil

The herbicide terbuthylazine is widely used within the EU; however, its frequent detection in surface and groundwater, together with its intrinsic toxicological properties, may pose a risk both for human and environmental health. Organic amendments have recently been proposed as a possible herbicide sorbent in soil, in order to limit herbicide movement from soil to water. The environmental fate of terbuthylazine depends not only in its mobility but also in its persistence. The latter is directly dependent on microbial degradation. For this reason, the effects of pine and oak residues on terbuthylazine soil microbial community functioning and on the potential of this community for terbuthylazine degradation were studied. For this purpose, degradation kinetics, soil dehydrogenase activity and the number of live bacteria were assessed in a clay loam soil treated with terbuthylazine and either amended with pine or oak wood or unamended (sterilised and non-sterilised). At day 65, 85?% of the herbicide applied still persisted in the sterile soil, 73?% in the pine-amended one and 63?% in the oak-amended and unamended ones. Pine residues increased the sorption of terbuthylazine to soil and hampered microbial degradation owing to its high terbuthylazine sorption capacity and a decrease in the bioavailability of the herbicide. On the contrary, in the presence of oak residues, the herbicide sorption did not increase significantly. The overall results confirm the active role of the soil microbial community in terbuthylazine degradation in amended and unamended soils and in a liquid enrichment culture performed using an aliquot of the same soil as the inoculum. In this clay loam soil, in the absence of amendments, the herbicide was found to be quite persistent (t _1/2?>?95?days), while in the enrichment culture, the same natural soil bacterial community was able to halve terbuthylazine in 24?days. The high terbuthylazine persistence in this soil was presumably ascribable to its texture and in particular to the mineralogy of the clay fraction.     

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacity of Tortillas Obtained after Lime-Cooking Extrusion Process of Whole Pigmented Mexican Maize

The lime-cooking extrusion represents an alternative technology for manufacturing pre-gelatinized flours for tortillas with the advantages of saving energy and generation of null effluents. The phytochemical profiles (total phenolics, anthocyanins) and antioxidant activity of four different types of whole pigmented Mexican maize [white (WM), yellow (YM), red (RM), blue maize (BM)] processed into tortillas were studied. The lime-cooking extrusion process caused a significant decrease (p?相似文献   

Astaxanthin and Its Esters in Pigmented Oil from Fermented Shrimp By-Products

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on the isolation and quantification of astaxanthin and its esters in the oils extracted from shrimp waste. The content of astaxanthin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography and ranged from 1.5 to 2.1 mg g^?1. The astaxanthin and its esters were isolated by thin layer chromatography in three fractions: free astaxanthin, monoester, and diester of astaxanthin, with percentages of 44, 32, and 26%, respectively. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in the monoester fraction, while palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids were present predominantly in the diester fraction. Free radical-scavenging activity of the oils and the three fractions was evaluated. All oils showed an effect on the decrease in the absorbtion of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl solutions, while among the fractions no significant difference occurred. Pigmented oil from shrimp waste is an organic source of pigment and antioxidant astaxanthin, the esters, and fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic.     

Lipid classes from marine species and meals intended for cephalopod feeding

In this study, HPTLC was used to make a quantitative analysis of the total lipid content (TL dry weight) and their classes in 39 samples, including molluscs, crustaceans, fish and meals in an attempt to identify those most suitable for formulating diets for cephalopods by reference to an index of nutritional quality (OI_LC: Oser’s index modified for lipid classes). All the crustaceans analysed (<10% TL), fish from artisanal fisheries such as Boops boops, Gadus poutassou, Mugil sp. and Gadus minutus (<10% TL) and the plant meals (TL < 5%) would cause fewer digestive problems than the fish that were a by-catch from fish farms (B. boops or Sparus aurata), pelagic species (Sardina pilchardus or Trachurus trachurus) or krill meal, which are characterised by their high lipid content (20–60% TL). These latter feeds were associated with neutral lipids, mainly triglycerides during the summer. Mytilus galloprovincialis, Carcinus maenas, G. poutassou, Mugil sp., S. pilchardus and G. minutus had a more appropriate lipid content and profile during the winter, when they showed a higher OI_LC due to the greater variety of polar lipid classes they contained. Phospholipids like PS, PI and PE seem to be limiting nutrients in cephalopods because of their high content (78–542, 41–309 and 152–2,114 mg/100 g, respectively) compared with the rest of the samples. None of the meals analysed showed a good nutritional balance per se and should only be used in conjunction with other foods.     

Influence of fish food and faecal pellets on short‐term oxygen uptake,ammonium flux and acid volatile sulphide accumulation in sediments impacted by fish farming and non‐impacted sediments

Sediment cores were taken from impacted and non‐impacted areas and subjected to different incubations: (i) uninoculated, (ii) inoculated with fish feed and (iii) inoculated with gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) faeces. After inoculation (or not), the cores were incubated for 8 h and the following biogeochemical fluxes were determined: sediment oxygen uptake (SOU), total ammonia nitrogen flux (TAN_f) and the production of acid volatile sulphides (AVS‐S_p). The results showed that the impacted sediments had a more pronounced benthic metabolism than non‐impacted sediments. Correlations between the variables and factorial analysis showed that oxygen consumption caused by the organic enrichment appeared as the trigger for subsequent biogeochemical alterations. The addition of faeces led to proportionally higher benthic rates of SOU, TAN_f and AVS‐S_p than those obtained in the feed incubations. Although the feed is relatively sterile and does not create an oxygen demand until colonized by bacteria, the faeces are already richly colonized with fish gut bacteria and could start to consume oxygen without the lag phase experienced in the incubations with feed. The TAN_f values measured after the addition of feed or faeces seem to be more related to the leaching velocity of TAN than with the benthic flux, given the short incubation time.     

Characterization of wild plum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ximenia americana</Emphasis> L. var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">americana</Emphasis>; Olacaceae) fruit growing at Tepexi de Rodríguez,Puebla, Mexico

As a country, Mexico presents an especially wide range of fruit germplasm diversity. Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico, belongs to The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, which is an arid zone recognized to have a flora diversity. In that place, wild plum (Ximenia americana L. var. americana; Olacaceae), locally named “tihuixocote” grows mainly in backyards, the fruit of this species is appreciated by native people due to its taste, which is reported to be a mixture between sweet and sour. Fruit from 15 trees were characterized by measuring bio-physical and bio-chemical parameters, including weight, diameter (equatorial and polar), relationship equatorial/polar diameters, total sugar, soluble solid content and phenolic compounds. The results of this study indicate variability for these various wild plum fruit characteristics among trees growing in a reduced territorial space.     

Phylogenetic relationships and genome organisation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum acutatum</Emphasis> causing anthracnose in strawberry

Colletotrichum acutatum is a major plant pathogen which infects a broad range of host plants. Extensive research has been carried out on C. acutatum populations affecting various hosts in different geographical locations, showing a considerable genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the major disease of cultivated strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships within a worldwide sample of fifty-two C. acutatum isolates collected from different strawberry cultivars have been established, by using ITS sequence analyses. Twenty-nine isolates clustered in the molecular group A2, in which seventeen out of eighteen Spanish isolates were included; this may indicate that the group A2 is the key group in Spain. The molecular polymorphism among C. acutatum isolates was determined by southern-blot hybridisation using a telomeric DNA probe. Results indicated that the minimum number of estimated chromosomes ranges between six and nine. The molecular characterisation of C. acutatum isolates was completed using the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) technique that resolved from six to nine chromosomal bands, this number being coincident with the number of chromosomes obtained by telomeric fingerprinting. The minimum total genome size was estimated to range from 29 to 36 Mb. Comparison of karyotypes patterns and southern-blot analysis demonstrated a high level of molecular polymorphism among C. acutatum isolates from different origins.     

Growth,tissue metabolites and digestive functionality in Sparus aurata juveniles fed different levels of macroalgae,Gracilaria cornea and Ulva rigida

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of two macroalgae as dietary ingredients on growth, body composition, intermediate metabolism, intestinal enzymes and gut histology of Sparus aurata juveniles. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets incorporating 5%, 15% or 25% of Gracilaria cornea or Ulva rigida meal were tested against a control diet. Duplicate groups of fifteen fish (14 g) were fed the experimental diets for 70 days. Growth performance showed an inverse linear relationship with the inclusion level of Gracilaria. Feed conversion ratio increased significantly in fish fed 25% Gracilaria. Ulva presented a quadratic relationship with the lowest SGR at 15% of inclusion. Fish fed 25% Ulva exhibited significantly lower lipid content than those fed control diet. Overall, metabolites did not show differences with specimens fed control diet, except for plasmatic glucose and muscle lactate. Intestinal proteolytic activity was reduced with the macroalgae inclusion level, but all fish showed the same enzyme pattern. The histological study revealed no negative effect on liver and intestine structure by the macroalgae inclusion. The present work demonstrated that these ingredients can be used in practical diets for sea bream, but a more comprehensive research is needed to determine the optimum dietary level in a longer feeding trial.