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OBJECTIVES: To compare dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children between 1950 and the 1990s, and report their variation by sociodemographic factors.Design: Nationally representative samples of 4-year-olds from the longitudinal Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1950) and the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS, 1992/93 and 1997). SETTING: Great Britain. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 4599 children born on 3-9 March 1946 (NSHD) and 307 children in the 1990s (NDNS). RESULTS: Geometric mean dietary phylloquinone intake was significantly higher in 1950 (39 mug day(-1), 95% confidence interval (CI) 37, 40) compared with the 1990s (24 mug day(-1), 95% CI 22, 25) (P<0.001). This difference remained when intake was expressed per MJ energy intake and per kilogram body weight, and after accounting for sex, region and occupational social class of the family. In 1950, phylloquinone intake in Scotland was significantly lower than in the rest of Britain. By the 1990s these regional differences had disappeared. Food sources of phylloquinone intake changed significantly between 1950 and the 1990s, with fats and oils contributing more and vegetables less, although vegetables contributed most (60% and 48%, respectively) to phylloquinone intake in both surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Phylloquinone intakes of children have decreased significantly since 1950. With the suggested need for adequate phylloquinone intake for optimal development and maintenance of bone and the cardiovascular system, the substantially lower phylloquinone intakes reported in children of the 1990s, compared with 1950, may have implications for the health of these two systems in later adulthood. 相似文献
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Keely AT. Wilson Anthea L. Raisis Eleanor A. Drynan Martina Mosing Guy D. Lester Jemma Hayman Giselle L. Hosgood 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):467-476
Objective
To determine the agreement of invasive blood pressure measured in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries, and evaluate the effects of two haemodynamic conditions on agreement.Study design
Prospective randomized study.Animals
A group of eight horses aged 7 (4–23) years with a body weight of 493 ± 33 kg.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Invasive blood pressure was measured simultaneously via catheters placed in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries. Cardiovascular function and agreement between arteries was assessed before and during administration of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. These were administered until carotid mean pressure (MAPc) increased or decreased from baseline (65 ± 5) to >90 or <50 mmHg, respectively. Data recorded at each sample time included systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures for carotid (c), facial (f) and metatarsal (m) arteries as well as cardiac output () and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between peripheral and central sites, and regression analysis to determine influence of and SVR.Results
The largest difference was observed in SAPc and SAPm with a bias and limits of agreement (LOA) of 2 (?15 to 19) mmHg. The bias (LOA) for MAPc and MAPf was 2 (?4 to 9) mmHg and for MAPc and MAPm was 5 (?4 to 14) mmHg. The best agreement for DAP was seen between DAPc and DAPf with bias (LOA) of 1 (?3 to 5) mmHg. Regression analysis indicated marginal influence on agreement by on MAPc and MAPf.Conclusions and clinical relevance
MAP and DAP of the carotid artery were higher than those of the peripheral arteries, which may lead to overzealous treatment of hypotension, albeit maintaining central pressures. and SVR did not largely influence the difference between sites. 相似文献50.