我国马铃薯育种方式的变迁及其转基因育种研究进展

我国马铃薯品种选育经历了引种鉴定选育、杂交选育、细胞工程选育和基因工程选育4个阶段,培育出大量的各种类型品种,其中基因工程育种始于近年,已在抗病毒病、抗细菌和真菌病、品质改良和提高抗逆性方面取得了一定的进展。     

Central fatigue and nycthemeral change of serum tryptophan and serotonin in the athletic horse

Background  

The serotonergic system is associated with numerous brain functions, including the resetting of the mammalian circadian clock. The synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT in the brain increases in response to exercise and is correlated with high levels of blood-borne tryptophan (TRP). The present investigation was aimed at testing the existence of a daily rhythm of TRP and 5-HT in the blood of athletic horses.     

云南文山州畜禽饲用秸秆的糖、蛋白和脂类养分的含量和综合等级

研究旨在阐明云南文山州常用畜禽饲用秸秆的糖、蛋白和脂类养分的含量和综合等级,为该州饲用秸秆的养分评价和配置提供依据。以文山州近年广大畜禽养殖户常用的草果、‘西畴芭蕉芋’、‘文金1号’、‘文紫椒3号’、小米辣、滇重楼、象草和玉米‘文青贮2号’秸秆为材料,用分光光度法测定了秸秆的可溶性糖、总淀粉和可溶性蛋白质含量,用凯氏定氮法和索氏抽提法分别测定了粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,并用隶属函数法评价了秸秆糖、蛋白和脂类养分的综合等级。结果表明：滇重楼秸秆的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均最高,分别为163.603±0.218 mg/g(DW)和16.637±0.038 mg/g(DW),‘文青贮2号’秸秆的总淀粉和粗脂肪含量均最高,分别约为283.008±2.507 mg/g(DW)和(3.598±0.055)%,‘文紫椒3号’秸秆的粗蛋白含量最高,约为(11.864±0.202)%;可溶性糖、总淀粉、可溶性蛋白质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在不同秸秆间的差异均达到极显著水平;8种秸秆糖、蛋白和脂类养分的综合等级为：滇重楼>‘文青贮2号’>小米辣>‘文紫椒3号’>西畴芭蕉芋>象草>‘文金1号’>草果。     

不同工艺条件对米酒酸甜度及酒精度的影响

[目的]研究甜酒酿发酵过程中化学成分的变化规律,考察不同发酵条件对米酒酸甜度及酒精度的影响.[方法]试验以微王长糯米、普通长糯米、圆糯米3种糯米为原料,以石台县高路亭酒曲、青阳县酒曲2种酒曲,在25、30、32、35℃4种温度条件进行试验,对比分析各组处理所酿制米酒的pH、糖度以及酒精度等指标.[结果]试验表明,甜酒酿发酵参数的最佳工艺配置为使用圆糯米和高路亭酒曲,在32℃发酵温度条件下发酵68h.该条件下酒酿酸甜适中、酒香浓郁、口感醇滑、无怪异气味、色泽澄清.[结论]研究可为生产质量稳定、品质优良的米酒产品提供技术参考.     

农用无线传感器网络低功耗休眠算法应用研究

无线传感器网络技术在农业上得到广泛应用,传感器节点能量有限,但是农业环境对无线传感器网络的能耗要求更高。如何最大限度地利用有限的能量,延长网络节点电池的供电时长成为了研究农业无线传感器网络的关键问题之一。本文从优化无线传感器网络拓扑结构及优化节点同步/休眠机制入手,研究在不影响网络通讯质量的前提下,实现网络同步及休眠,降低传感器节点能耗。选择了一种树形网络拓扑结构,提出了一种逐级休眠唤醒同步的节点时间同步、休眠方式,在JENIC5139平台进行了试验。结果表明,该网络拓扑结构及休眠方式,进一步降低功耗,大大延长了农用无线传感器网络电池的供电时间,从而提高网络的生存期。     

重金属存在下微塑料对环丙沙星的吸附特征及机制研究

为了揭示微塑料在重金属与抗生素共存体系中的吸附特征,以聚酰胺(PA)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)为典型微塑料,以环丙沙星(CIP)作为目标抗生素,以Cu、Cd为重金属代表,通过批量吸附试验研究了重金属存在下微塑料对CIP的吸附行为及机理。结果表明:PA和PVC两种微塑料对CIP的吸附同时符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,由Langmuir方程拟合得到的CIP对PA和PVC的最大吸附量分别为1.846 mg·g~(-1)和1.862 mg·g~(-1)。不同pH下两种微塑料对CIP的吸附呈现先增加再降低的趋势,pH为6时吸附量达到最大。重金属Cu、Cd存在下的吸附等温线更符合Langmuir方程,Cu的存在显著促进了微塑料对CIP的吸附,而Cd的存在抑制了微塑料对CIP的吸附,Cu、Cd没有改变吸附量随pH变化的趋势。PVC对CIP的吸附以物理吸附为主,PA吸附CIP的机制包括酰胺基与羰基间氢键的产生,此外静电相互作用、极性作用也是两种微塑料吸附CIP的重要机制。研究表明,重金属Cu、Cd存在下,可以改变微塑料对CIP的吸附量,但不会对PA、PVC吸附CIP的机制产生影响。     

江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）养殖区多环芳烃生态风险及健康风险评价

为评价江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰养殖区多环芳烃(PAHs)残留水平和生态风险及健康风险,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)根据生长阶段跟踪监测了江苏主要养殖区养殖塘斑点叉尾鮰鱼体、池塘水体和底泥中多环芳烃残留;采用Kalf风险商值法,进行池塘水体生态风险评价;利用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对池塘底泥开展生态风险评价;并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对斑点叉尾鮰食用安全进行健康风险评价。在鱼体、养殖水体、底泥中,16种PAHs总检出率为100%,但致癌性物质苯并[a]芘均未检出,单体Nap、Phe、BaA、Pyr、Chr、Flu、Ace为常见检出物,其中Phe检出率达100%,Nap达到80%以上。结构组成上,鱼体、养殖水体均以2～4环为主要成分,底泥结构较为复杂,以3～4环为优势组分。鱼体中(以湿质量计)总PAHs含量范围在11.75～60.02μg·kg~(-1),对食用斑点叉尾鮰引起的健康风险进行评价,成人的风险范围为2.25×10~(-9)～5.80×10~(-7)a~(-1),致癌风险远小于最大可接受水平,处于致癌风险控制水平。池塘养殖水PAHs含量范围在0.03～0.46μg·L~(-1),总体上生态风险程度为低风险,但单体Nap、Phe及部分池塘中Ace、Pyr及Fla处于中等风险水平,其他单体对生态系统的影响可以忽略。底泥(以干质量计)PAHs含量在24.48～145.04μg·kg~(-1),总体上PAHs对生物毒副作用不显著。     

Detection of arboviruses in Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from animal farms in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera, family Ceratopogonidae) are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans, livestock, and wild animals. This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province, China, and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species. The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances: Culicoides arakawae(5.43%, 22/405), Culicoides homotomus(1.23%, 5/405), Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%, 80/405), Culicoides orientalis(17.28%, 70/405), Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%, 119/405), Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%, 23/405), and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%, 86/405). Among the seven species, C. oxystoma and C. nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87% and 10.00–46.83%, respectively, suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas. PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens, including bluetongue virus(BTV), Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, African swine fever virus, and African horse sickness virus. Among the tested viruses, only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C. oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm. Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas, but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China. The current results thus suggest that C. oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas, which, however, needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments. Overall, the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China, Vietnam, and Myanmar border areas, establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species, and suggests the vector potential of C. oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.     

The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading

Nitrate () leaching can cause elevated concentrations of ‐N in water, which can have adverse impacts on water quality and human health. In grazed pasture systems, most of the ‐N leaching occurs beneath animal urine‐N deposits. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four different pasture species compositions [perennial ryegrass/white clover (P. ryegrass WC), tall fescue/white clover (T. fescue WC), Italian ryegrass/white clover (It. ryegrass WC) and perennial ryegrass/Italian ryegrass/white clover/red clover/chicory/plantain (Diverse)] on ‐N leaching losses from animal urine patches, and to examine the relative importance of root system architecture and seasonal activity to reduce ‐N leaching losses. The results show that ‐N leaching losses were 24–54% lower beneath It. ryegrass WC than other pasture species. Total dry matter (DM) yield in the season following establishment was 11–58% greater in the It. ryegrass WC pasture, while average winter daily N uptake rate of It. ryegrass WC over the two seasons was on average 58% greater than P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC. In the second season, the P. ryegrass WC and T. fescue WC pastures had up to 140 and 82% more roots between 0 and 40 cm depth, respectively, than the other pasture species compositions. These results suggest that in grazed pasture systems, high plant winter activity (plant growth/root metabolic activity) is more important than specific root architecture (e.g. deep roots) to reduce ‐N leaching losses.     

不同灌水技术要素组合下畦灌灌水深度的控制目标

研究地面灌溉反馈控制技术,加强对灌溉过程的控制和管理是当前改进地面灌溉技术的重点所在。该文基于以往研究成果,结合农民实际灌水经验,提出3种灌水深度控制目标(即田面最小灌水深度大于0时关口,入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口,田面最小灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口),并借助灌溉模拟模型以确定关口时间,从而控制灌溉水量。将田间试验与数值模拟相结合,分析不同土质、地形、畦长、入畦单宽流量下灌溉性能指标值对3种灌水深度控制目标的响应关系,确定不同灌水技术要素组合下适宜的灌水深度控制目标。结果表明,灌水深度控制目标对灌溉性能指标值的影响程度受畦长影响最为明显,其次是田面坡度和土质、再后是田面平整精度,入畦流量的影响不明显。砂壤和黏壤土质下畦长为50 m时,灌水深度控制目标取入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口最佳;畦长为100 m时,零坡度下灌水深度控制目标取田面最小灌水深度大于0时关口最佳,有坡度下取入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口最佳;畦长为150 m时,除黏壤土有坡度田面平整精度好的情况采用入渗最小的1/4区域的平均灌水深度等于灌溉需水量时关口最佳外,其他建议采用田面最小灌水深度大于0时关口。研究成果为畦灌反馈控制方案的制定提供了决策依据。