Development of Immediate Release Tablets Containing Calcium Lactate Synthetized from Black Sea Mussel Shells

Nowadays, the use of marine by-products as precursor materials has gained great interest in the extraction and production of chemical compounds with suitable properties and possible pharmaceutical applications. The present paper presents the development of a new immediate release tablet containing calcium lactate obtained from Black Sea mussel shells. Compared with other calcium salts, calcium lactate has good solubility and bioavailability. In the pharmaceutical preparations, calcium lactate was extensively utilized as a calcium source for preventing and treating calcium deficiencies. The physical and chemical characteristics of synthesized calcium lactate were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis. Further, the various pharmacotechnical properties of the calcium lactate obtained from mussel shells were determined in comparison with an industrial used direct compressible Calcium lactate DC (PURACAL^®). The obtained results suggest that mussel shell by-products are suitable for the development of chemical compounds with potential applications in the pharmaceutical domain.     

劳动力转移、化肥过度使用与面源污染

为研究农村劳动力由农业向非农产业转移对环境造成的影响,以当前最主要的农业污染源——化肥为例,基于2004—2013年中国31省的面板数据,运用STIRPAT模型考察了农村劳动力转移与化肥面源污染排放的关系。结果表明:劳动力非农转移促使农户在农业生产中投入更多的化肥,加重了中国化肥施用的面源污染;并且由于化肥面源污染排放增加速度高于劳动力转移速度,未来劳动力转移会继续放大化肥面源污染物排放量的增加。基于此,本研究认为对化肥面源污染进行有效控制,除应用污染防治技术外,还应当充分考虑到农村劳动力转移的影响;政府的农业治污减排政策应适应农业劳动力日益稀缺的现实,以确保政策"落地"。     

周末去天津散步

天津对于北京人来说,是个伸腿儿就能到,但却与北京有着不同气质的另一城.周末去天津,看看老房子,听听老段子,轻松一日游,花不了几个钱,又别有一番味道.     

Characterizing seabird bycatch in the eastern Australian tuna and billfish pelagic longline fishery in relation to temporal,spatial and biological influences

• 1. Seabirds killed incidentally in Australia's eastern tuna and billfish (ETBF) longline fishery between September 2001 and June 2006 were examined to evaluate species composition and to relate, where possible, capture events to operational and environmental factors.
• 2. During this period 2.129 million hooks on 2202 shots were observed, and 369 birds were reported killed. The majority (78%) of these were flesh‐footed shearwaters (Puffinus carniepes), 53% of which were male and 44% female. Smaller numbers of medium to large sized albatrosses (Diomedeidae, predominantly female) and other shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) and petrels (Pterodroma spp.) dominated the remainder of the bycatch.
• 3. Of the 369 birds reported taken as bycatch, 280 were available for necropsy, and species identifications performed in situ by observers were assessed. While observer identifications were generally correct for common species, performance was poor for less common ones.
• 4. The geographical location (latitude) of shots, season, time of day at which shots were set, and bait type and life status (dead or alive) influenced the seabird bycatch rate. The majority of captures (87% overall) occurred between 30 and 35°S, with bycatch being lowest in winter, and remaining at similar levels across the other seasons.
• 5. The use of live fish bait was generally associated with increased captures of both seabirds overall, and flesh‐footed shearwaters in particular. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Fragmenting fragments: landscape genetics of a subterranean rodent (Mammalia,Ctenomyidae) living in a human-impacted wetland

Landscape Ecology - Anthropogenic activities have detrimental impacts on natural habitats and the species inhabiting them. In particular, habitat fragmentation has a profound effect on the dynamics...     

Enantioselective C-H crotylation of primary alcohols via hydrohydroxyalkylation of butadiene

The direct, by-product-free conversion of basic feedstocks to products of medicinal and agricultural relevance is a broad goal of chemical research. Butadiene is a product of petroleum cracking and is produced on an enormous scale (about 12 × 10(6) metric tons annually). Here, with the use of a ruthenium catalyst modified by a chiral phosphate counterion, we report the direct redox-triggered carbon-carbon coupling of alcohols and butadiene to form products of carbonyl crotylation with high levels of anti-diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity in the absence of stoichiometric by-products.     

Comparison of two formulations of buprenorphine in cats administered by the oral transmucosal route

This randomised, blinded, cross-over study investigated the ease of oral transmucosal administration of two formulations of buprenorphine using glucose as a control in 12 cats. The cats received three treatments: buprenorphine multi-dose, buprenorphine and the equivalent volume of glucose 5%. Ease of treatment administration, observation of swallowing, changes in pupil size, sedation, salivation, vomiting, behaviour and food intake were assessed. The data were analysed using MLwiN and multi-level modelling. Ease of administration of buprenorphine multi-dose was statistically different from glucose (P <0.001), and the administration of all treatments became easier over the study periods. Swallowing was not statistically different between groups (P >0.05). Mydriasis was evident after the administration of both formulations of buprenorphine. Sedation, salivation, vomiting, behavioural changes or in-appetence were not observed after any treatment. Cats tolerated oral transmucosal administration of glucose better than buprenorphine multi-dose, while buprenorphine administration was tolerated as well as glucose.