Cherry Leaf Roll Virus in Juglans regia in the United Kingdom

Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) was detected in foliage, pollenor seeds of 43 of 113 mature/overmature Juglans regia L.; twohad foliar yellow-brown ring patterns whereas seven other infectedtrees had leaf necroses. Male catkins of a few infected treeswere malformed and blackened. Infection was rare (3/43) in the widely scattered J. regia ofnorthern England and Scotland, but commoner (40/70) in southernEngland. When J. regia seed was grown in methylbromide treated soil,six per cent (18/300) of the seedlings were symptomlessly infected.Four out of ten groups of imported seedlings were infected toa similar extent, CLRV being present in a total of 40 out of1146 trees aged five years or less. When 3 years old, CLRV infectedJ. regia were shorter and thinner than healthy seedlings. CLRV from walnut was serologically distinguishable from Betula,Prunus, Cornus and Sambucus isolates. One English walnut isolate(Ox) was distinguishable from two Italian walnut isolates. Anisolate (Sr) of CLRV obtained in Finland from Sambucus racemosaL. was antigenically distinct from S. ebulus and S. nigra isolates.     

Changing Employment Profiles and Growth: An Economic Base Study of Florida Counties (1982–1987)

Location Quotients are used to estimate economic base multipliers for two-digit Standard Industrial Classification employment data at the county level for the state of Florida. Changes in multipliers are contrasted to changes in county employment profiles and demographic trends for the period 1982 to 1987. Counties are then classified by employment and growth characteristics. A cross-sectional econometric model is constructed to explain regional shifts in total employment. It is demonstrated that although the Florida economy is supported by a low level of employment activity in primary and secondary sectors (relative to the tertiary sector), these sectors tend to be very important in explaining variations in regional economic growth. The empirical findings suggest that the alleged service-oriented economy of Florida is still reliant upon export-oriented activity as the catalyst for employment expansion.     

Spatial and Temporal Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Income Inequality

ABSTRACT Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between-and within-region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.     

Pseudopregnancy in the bitch: the current view on aetiology and treatment

The meaning of the word pseudopregnancy, as applied to the bitch, is discussed. Review of the literature shows that there is no evidence to support the theory that pseudopregnancy is caused by excess or persistent progesterone production. The condition is closely related to prolactin release from the pituitary gland, and can be treated using a prolactin inhibiting drug, bromocriptine     

Microneurovascular Free Digital Pad Transfer in the Dog

By cadaver dissections, the fifth digit of the canine hind limb was determined to have a consistent neurovascular anatomy, and therefore be a suitable donor for an axial pattern digital pad flap. The defined digital pad flap was transferred to the region of an excised metacarpal pad by microneurovascular anastomoses in five operations on four dogs. One flap failure was considered to result from failure of the venous anastomosis. In all four successful transfers, cutaneous sensation was reestablished on average in 78 days. There was histologic evidence of nerve regeneration across the anastomosis in one dog at week 24. The transferred pads of three dogs monitored for 15 months underwent hypertrophic changes. There were no complications in two active dogs. In one dog, superficial ulceration of a region of the flap adjacent to the pad required surgical revision. This dog continued to show mild lameness after daily runs of 3 to 4 km.     

Spermatogenic arrest associated with focal degenerative orchitis in related dogs

Four dogs with a history of infertility were found on examination to be azoospermic. Three of the dogs were related (a sire and two male offspring) and investigation revealed that some of their male ancestors had been of reduced fertility. There were degenerative changes in 20–40 per cent of the seminiferous tubules, a proportion of which were associated with a focal peritubular orchitis. There was a complete absence of spermatozoa in the rete testis, the vasa efferentia and the epididymis. The possibility that the condition is of an autoimmune nature is discussed. The unrelated dog had a non-inflammatory degeneration of tubules with complete absence of spermatogenesis.     

Foreign Industrial Exports and State Manufacturing Performance

ABSTRACT Foreign exports are claiming growing shares of US. state economic production. While growth of foreign exports is often cited as a driving force for state economic growth, little attention has been paid in prior research to the issue of Granger causality between foreign exports and economic performance at the state level. This study examines Granger causality between foreign manufacturing export growth and state manufacturing performance during the period from 1980 to 1991. Results indicate that, at the aggregate level, there is a bi-directional Granger causal relationship between foreign exports and state manufacturing activity. Among the individual industrial sectors, results are more mixed, however, with sectors displaying either export-led growth, reverse Granger causality, or in some instances, negative Granger causality.