动物溶菌酶基因的研究进展

溶菌酶[Lysozyme(EC3.2.1.17),LYZ]是机体先天免疫系统中一个重要的效应分子,参与机体多种免疫反应,在溶菌过程中形成一个水解体系,破坏和消除侵入动物体内的病原,从而实现机体的免疫防御。它可以有效抑制葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等一系列病原菌,是重要的奶牛乳房炎抗性因子之一。本文综述了溶菌酶基因的研究进展,包括其结构与进化、变异及应用前景等。     

Arginine Levels Affect Growth and CSN3 Gene Expression of Dairy Cows Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vitro

本试验旨在研究培养基中添加不同浓度的精氨酸( Arg)对乳腺上皮细胞体外增殖及κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)基因表达的影响.选用中国荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行体外培养,以无Arg的培养基(0.00 mg/L)为对照(0组),试验培养基分别添加69.50(0.25组)、139.00(0.50组)、278.00(1.00组)、556.00(2.00组)、1 112.00(4.00组)和2 224.00 mg/L(8.00组)的精氨酸.结果表明:Arg能促进乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,24 h时,0.25～4.00组与0组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05),8.00组与0组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05);48和72 h时,各试验组与0组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05).Arg能促进CSN3基因的表达,各试验组与0组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05),当Arg浓度为556.00 mg/L时,CSN3基因表达量最高.结果提示,Arg对乳腺上皮细胞增殖及CSN3基因表达均具有明显的促进作用,且在Arg浓度为69.50～1112.00 mg/L时促细胞增殖效果较佳,在Arg浓度为556.00 mg/L时促CSN3基因表达作用最强.     

牛环形泰勒虫病二温式PCR诊断方法的建立及初步应用

为建立特异、敏感、快速的二温式PCR诊断方法,根据牛环形泰勒虫裂殖子表面抗原(tams1)基因,设计了一对特异性引物,扩增出大小为154bp基因片段,经克隆、测序分析,与已知基因序列的相似性为96%。用建立的牛环形泰勒虫病二温式PCR诊断方法,对从新疆牛环形泰勒虫病流行地区采集的50份全血样品进行诊断,阳性率为88%,而血涂片检出的阳性率只有58%。经试验验证,该方法具有特异性高、敏感性强、重复性和稳定性好等优点。表明本试验所建立的二温式PCR诊断方法可用于牛环形泰勒虫病的临床诊断、隐性感染检测和流行病学调查。     

Forms of Reproductive Disorders in Cattle and Buffaloes in Middle Egypt

The objective of this study was to investigate the common forms of reproductive disorders and trends of fertility in cattle and buffaloes in Middle Egypt, and investigate nutritional deficiencies or imbalances as a cause of infertility. During the period from 2003 to 2006 a total of 4276 animals (2755 cattle and 1521 buffaloes) were examined, during winter and summer at three districts of Middle Egypt. Based on the owner complains, animals were categorized as anestrum, repeat breeder and those for pregnancy diagnosis. Feedstuffs of these districts were assessed for nutrient and mineral contents. Animals were examined by rectal palpation and by transrectal ultrasonography. The results showed that, ovarian inactivity was the most common cause of anestrum, whereas endometritis was the main frequent finding of repeat breeding. District, season and year affected the incidences of infertility. The pregnancy rate remained constant (cattle) or increased (buffaloes) from 2003 to 2006. The incidence of ovarian inactivity in both species decreased over the same period. In winter, the commonly used feedstuffs would be adequate to supply the animals with needs, but in summer, rations seem to be deficient in many essential nutrients. In conclusion, ovarian inactivity is the main cause of infertility in cattle and buffaloes in Middle Egypt. There is a link between poor nutrition in summer and the high incidence of ovarian inactivity. Fertility trends during the past few years are encouraging.     

CUE-MATE诱导新疆褐牛同期发情试验

[目的]为了探索新疆褐牛同期发情处理的有效时间段和最佳处理方法.[方法]采用CUE-MATE孕酮栓+PGF2α法进行新疆褐牛同期发情试验,[结果]表明:同期发情主要集中在取栓后的2 d,平均发情率为72.5%,情期受胎率为66.7%;3月的同期发情率显著高于5月和7月(P＜0.05),达到90.8%,但情期受胎率低于5月和7月,为61.0%,差异不显著(P＞0.05);母牛卵巢上以有黄体的同期发情率最高,达到95.3%,其次是有卵泡的,无黄体、卵泡的最低,三者差异显著(P＜0.05);有卵泡的情期受胎率略高于有黄体的,差异不显著(P＞0.05),无黄体、卵泡的同期发情率和受胎率都最低,差异显著(P＜0.05);育成牛的同期发情率略高于经产牛,为92%,差异不显著(P＞0.05);育成牛的情期受胎率显著高于经产牛(P＜0.05),为73.9%.[结论]环境温度、营养水平及母牛卵巢上有无黄体、卵泡影响发情率的高低,CUE-MATE孕酮栓+PGF2α法可用于诱导新疆褐牛的同期发情.     

辐照对冷却猪、鸡肉中细菌ATP发光强度的影响

采用ATP发光法检测辐照对冷却猪、鸡肉ATP发光强度的影响,并对其他试验因素是否对样品ATP发光强度产生影响进行了分析。结果表明:ATP标准品的浓度与发光强度呈显著的正相关,ATP标准品发光强度与辐照剂量表现为显著的负相关;辐照冷却肉的细菌ATP发光强度随辐照剂量的变化趋势呈现为倒"S"形特征,其中6.0kGy辐照时发光强度最大,4.0、8.0kGy剂量辐照时强度最小;无菌水、灭菌样品未对ATP发光强度造成干扰,而未辐照大肠杆菌浓度与ATP发光强度之间呈显著线性正相关,相关系数达到0.9437。     

四种野生植物对天津盐碱地土壤改良效果的研究

选择天津市蓟县、西青和大港的荒地土壤和耐盐碱的4种野生植物(猪毛菜、草木樨、艾蒿和补血草)进行盆栽试验.植株生长5个月后,测定土壤的各项理化指标.结果显示:4种植物均大大降低土壤总盐量,猪毛菜可以不同程度地降低土壤中CO23-、SO24-和有效磷;补血草对降低土壤SO24-和水溶性钙较有效;草木樨和艾篙可以明显增加土壤有效氮含量.综合分析表明,这4种野生耐盐植物对改良盐碱地土壤效果明显.     

Preliminary Trial: Motility Comparisons of a Unique Freezing Technology (UFT) to Liquid Nitrogen Mist Methodology for Cryopreservation of Porcine Spermatozoa

The motility outcomes of boar semen frozen with newly developed freezing techniques using a new unique freezing technology (UFT) compared with traditional liquid nitrogen methodology were investigated with the intent of improving current fertility outcomes using semen. The UFT is an electronically controlled cooling chamber that houses an organic fluid bath that can be maintained at temperatures below 0 degrees C without solidifying to freeze samples. Four ejaculates from four different boars were collected for this trial. Samples were handled consistently during the pre- and post-freeze processing. From each ejaculate, samples were separated into eight cryopreservation treatment groups, six UFT variations and two control liquid nitrogen groups, immediately before freezing, in replicates of two. After the initial cryopreservation was complete, all samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 48 h. Post-thaw motilities and original motility return percentages were assessed on a random, individual-sample basis. After the initial evaluations, samples from two boars were recollected and frozen using the UFT for breeding purposes. Four sows were bred with the UFT frozen semen to confirm fertility capability. When assessing the individual UFT techniques, all of six UFT techniques had improved post-thaw motilities. However, treatments F (micro = 29%, return micro = 37%) and J (micro = 27%, return micro = 34%) showed the highest statistical improvement for post-thaw (p < 0.05) and original motility percent returns (p < 0.05) when compared with either the control cryo-tube (micro = 15%, return micro = 19%) or straw groups (micro = 12%, return micro = 16%). The UFT semen had a 50% conception rate, with an average of seven piglets from the sows that farrowed. Our preliminary data suggest a higher motility return with a slower pre-freeze phase below the freezing point before the acceleration to liquid nitrogen temperatures. The preliminary data suggest that the UFT could be utilized as a potential cryopreservation option for boar semen.     

Number of Follicular Waves and Their Effect on Pregnancy Rate in the Cow

In the study, the relationship of follicular growth waves, oestradiol and pregnancy rates were investigated during oestrus cycle in cows. A total of 22, Brown Swiss cows (3-5 years old) were used for the study. The ovaries of animals were examined from sixth day of cycle to next oestrus by ultrasound. The follicles that were present in the ovarium were recorded. Follicular growth was observed every day by means of ultrasound examination. The blood samples were taken for analysis of oestradiol simultaneously with ultrasound examinations. The oestrus animals were inseminated. Each animal that inseminated was examined by ultrasound on day 28 after insemination for pregnancy diagnosis. Two follicular growth waves were observed in nine of 22 (40.9%), three waves in 13 of 22 (59.1%) animals. The oestradiol was found in the same concentration but in different release patterns between two and three waves animals. Pregnancy rate in cows with three and two follicular waves did not differ. In conclusion, emergence of three waves of follicular growth was higher in Brown Swiss cows, the analysis of oestradiol could be used for determination of the wave numbers and the animals with different waves may have had the same pregnancy rates.     

The persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus on wool

SUMMARY Five Suffolk sheep, held in a high-security isolation room, were exposed for 2 hours to the aerosol of 3 mature pigs that had been infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), strain O₁-BFS. The fleeces of 3 of the sheep were contaminated with FMDV at 2 days post exposure (dpe), while at 5 dpe the fleeces of all 5 sheep were more extensively, and more heavily, contaminated. The persistence of FMDV on contaminated wool was examined in vitro using multiple 0.5 g samples of Merino wool that were each contaminated with one of 3 strains of FMDV in tissue-culture medium: O₁-BFS, O-Morocco (O-MOR 9/91) or an Asia 1 strain (TAI 1/90). Wool samples were held at either 4°C, 18°C or 37°C, and decay curves were established for each virus at each temperature. These curves predicted that O₁-BFS, O-MOR 9/91 and TAI 1/90 would fall below detect-able levels at 72, 70 and 48 days post contamination (pc), respectively, for wool stored at 4°C; at 11, 12 and 12 days pc, respectively, for wool stored at 18°C; and at 57, 68 and 33 hours pc, respectively, for wool stored at 37°C. For wool contaminated with O₁-BFS-infected sheep faeces, urine or blood, or with O₁-BFS-infected cattle saliva, decay curves predicted virus to persist for 5 to 11 days pc at 18°C. We demonstrated that the simulated scouring of FMDV-contaminated wool at 60° to 70°C would usually reduce virus to below detectable levels. The detergent component of the scouring process had little, if any, antiviral activity, and scouring at 20°C or 50°C had limited impact on FMDV titres . We recommend that either (1) simple storage of FMDV-contaminated wool for 4 weeks at temperatures of 18°C or higher, or (2) scouring of contaminated wool at 60° to 70°C would be sufficient to remove the threat of FMDV-contaminated wool being infectious to other animals .