Post-emergent herbicidal activity of cineole derivatives

Essential oils are being investigated as potential herbicides or to provide leads to new environmentally and socially acceptable herbicides. Novel hydroxy and ester derivatives of 1,8-cineole and 1,4-cineole were synthesised, by chemical and biological methods, and have shown pre-emergence herbicidal activity against annual ryegrass and radish. Effects on post-emergence activity of these derivatives, as well as 1,8-cineole, eucalyptus oil and the carboxylic acids from which the esters were derived, against annual ryegrass and radish, are reported here. Results suggest that reduced root and shoot growth observed in pre-emergence herbicidal bioassays were due to post-emergence activity rather than delayed germination. All tested substances had a dose-dependent, post-emergence herbicidal activity against annual ryegrass and radish with many derivatives showing improved activity relative to 1,8-cineole and high-cineole eucalyptus oil. However, results do not support the postulate that cineole esters would be more active than their respective carboxylic acid and the hydroxy cineole. Phytotoxicity of ester derivatives may be due to metabolic cleavage of the esters to the hydroxy cineole and carboxylic acid within the plant.     

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). I. Uptake and clearance of monosaccharides following intraperitoneal injection

Abstract Intraperitoneal carbohydrate tolerance tests were done to assess the ability of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, to utilize the predominant monosaccharides in plant ingredients currently being used in the formulation of aquaculture feeds for this species. Preliminary experiments carried out to assess baseline plasma glucose concentrations indicated that blood glucose levels were elevated within 2 min of handling and silver perch required a period of 48 h without feeding before plasma glucose levels remained constant. In the first carbohydrate test, either glucose, galactose or xylose were administered by injection into the intraperitoneal cavity at a dose rate of 1 g carbohydrate kg^?1 body weight (BW). In the second carbohydrate test, glucose was administered at a dose rate of either 2 or 4 g glucose kg BW^?1. Following injection, uptake and clearance rate of the carbohydrates from the blood stream was monitored over a 24‐h period. Silver perch were significantly more efficient at the uptake and clearance of glucose from the blood stream than xylose or galactose. Maximum plasma glucose concentrations (22.2 mmol L ^?1) were recorded at 1 h following injection and basal levels (3.44 mm ) were attained between 6 and 12 h following injection. For both galactose and xylose, maximum concentrations were recorded at 1 and 3 h, respectively, and concentrations of both monosaccharides remained significantly elevated 24 h after the administration. Plasma glucose concentrations of silver perch administered with either 2 or 4 g glucose kg BW^?1 were significantly elevated and peaked at similar levels (30.2 mmol L ^?1 and 30.7 mmol L ^?1 respectively) 3 h after injection. Basal plasma glucose concentrations were attained in silver perch injected with 2 g glucose kg BW^?1 at 24 h following administration. Plasma glucose concentrations remained significantly elevated in fish injected with 4 g glucose kg BW^?1 after 24 h. These findings indicate that silver perch are more efficient at utilizing glucose than either xylose or galactose, and that there are also differing maximum threshold for the inclusion of ingredients rich in glucose, galactose and xylose into the diets of silver perch.     

Effects of extrusion processing on digestibility of peas, lupins, canola meal and soybean meal in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) diets

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of processing on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of legumes and oilseeds for juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (～49 g). The first experiment evaluated interactive effects of ingredients (lupins or field peas), processing (whole seed; hulls on or hulls off) and extrusion cooking (raw or extruded) on ADCs for juvenile silver perch (～4 g fish^?1). The second experiment was a three‐fixed‐factor anova designed to evaluate interactive effects of ingredients (soybean meal or canola meal), extrusion cooking (raw or extruded) and inclusion content (30% or 50% of the diet) on ADCs for juvenile silver perch (～4 g fish^?1). Lupin protein was more digestible than that of peas (ADC for crude protein 91% vs. 85% for peas) but the organic matter was less digestible (ADC for organic matter 50% vs. 67% for peas). Dehulling lupins significantly improved ADCs for all indices (dry matter, organic matter, energy and crude protein), but extrusion had no effect because lupins do not contain starch or heat‐labile anti‐nutrients. Conversely, for starch‐rich peas that contain heat‐labile trypsin inhibitors, both dehulling and extrusion significantly improved ADCs. Digestibility of soybean meal was much higher than that of canola meal. For soybean meal, neither processing, content nor their interaction affected digestibility but extrusion improved ADCs for dry matter, organic matter and energy but there was an interaction with content. Although higher overall, digestibility for these indices declined with increasing content for extruded product while there were only minor effects of inclusion for raw product. Benefits of extrusion were attributed to reductions in anti‐nutrients, including phytic acid. For canola, there were no interactions between extrusion and content for any ADC. Increasing content reduced ADCs for crude protein, dry matter and organic matter but did not effect energy. Surprisingly, extrusion of canola also reduced digestibility for all ADCs. Dehulling improved both lupins and peas. Crude protein for all ingredients was well digested with ingredients ranked: lupins>soybean meal>peas>canola meal. Energy digestibility was best for soybean meal and worst for lupins. Extrusion greatly improved digestibility of peas and to a lesser extent soybean meal, gave no benefits to lupins and was detrimental for canola.     

Investigation of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider 1801): digestibility of gelatinized wheat starch and clearance of an intra-peritoneal injection of d-glucose

Two experiments were performed to investigate the digestibility and utilization of carbohydrate sources by Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. In the first experiment, snapper of two different size classes (110 and 375 g) were fed a reference diet containing no starch (REF) or diets containing 150 (PN15), 250 (PN25), 350 (PN35) or 450 g kg^?1 (PN45) of 100% gelatinized wheat starch to investigate the interactive effects of fish size and starch inclusion level on apparent organic matter (OM) or gross energy (GE) digestibility (ADC), post‐prandial plasma glucose concentration, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and liver or tissue glycogen content. A second experiment used a 72 h time course study to investigate the ability of larger snapper (300–481 g) to clear an intra‐peritoneal injection of 1 g d ‐glucose kg^?1 body weight (BW). Organic matter and GE ADCs declined significantly in both fish sizes as the level of starch increased (PN45energy small fishenergy large fish). There was no interaction between fish size and inclusion level with respect to GE or OM ADCs. Gross energy ADC for both sized fish was described by the linear function GE ADC=104.97 (±3.39)–0.109 (±0.010) × inclusion level (R²=0.86). Hepatosomatic index, liver and muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly elevated in both small and large snapper‐fed diets containing gelatinized starch compared with snapper fed the REF diet. Three‐hour post‐prandial plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly affected by fish size, inclusion level or the interaction of these factors (REF=PN15=PN25=PN35=PN45), and ranged between 1.60 and 2.5 mM. The mean±SD resting level of plasma glucose (0 h) was 2.4±1.1 mM. Circulating levels of plasma glucose in snapper peaked at 18.9 mM approximately 3 h after intra‐peritoneal injection and fish exhibited hyperglycaemia for at least 12–18 h. There were no significant differences between the plasma glucose concentrations of snapper sampled 0, 18, 24, 48 or 72 h after injection (0=18=24=48=72<12< 1<3=6 h), indicating snapper required almost 18 h to regulate their circulating levels of glucose to near‐basal concentrations. Australian snapper are capable of digesting moderate levels of gelatinized wheat starch; however, increasing the dietary content of starch resulted in a reduction in OM and GE digestibility. Smaller snapper appear to be less capable of digesting gelatinized starch than larger fish, and levels above 250 and 350 g kg^?1 of diet are not recommended for small and large fish respectively. Snapper subjected to an intra‐peritoneal injection of d ‐glucose have prolonged hyperglycaemia; however, the post‐prandial response to the uptake of glucose from normally digested gelatinized starch appears to be more regulated.     

Replacement of fishmeal in diets for Australian silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). II. Effects of cooking on digestibility of a practical diet containing different starch products

Abstract The interactive effects of cooking and starch type on the dry matter, gross energy and protein digestibility of diets fed to fingerling silver perch were examined. Nine experimental diets were made: a reference diet either uncooked or cooked, six other diets comprising uncooked reference diet supplemented with 30% uncooked or cooked wheat, maize or potato starch and one diet comprising uncooked reference diet supplemented with 15% pregelatinized maize starch. Cooking involved autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min. The indirect method was used to calculate apparent digestibility coefficients, and chromic oxide (1%) was used as the inert indicator. Both ingredient type and cooking influenced dry matter and gross energy digestibility of diets. All diets had significantly different digestibility coefficients in the following order (from most to least digestible): reference > wheat > maize > potato, for both dry matter and gross energy. Cooking significantly increased the apparent digestibility of diets for both dry matter and gross energy. There was no significant effect of ingredient or cooking or their interaction on protein digestibility. Dry matter and energy digestibility of the diet containing pregelatinized maize starch were significantly higher than for diets containing cooked or uncooked starch products. Ingredient digestibility followed the same trend as diet digestibility. The results from this study indicate that the successful use of starch in practical diets for silver perch is dependent on the origin and processing of the starch. The significant benefits of cooking in the reference diet suggest that pelleted diets should be cooked (e.g. steam conditioned or extruded).     

The rapid detection of Aujeszky's disease virus in pigs by direct immunoperoxidase labelling

Direct immunoperoxidase labelling on impression smears of brain and pharynx was compared with virus isolation and direct immunofluorescence for the detection of Aujeszky's disease virus in experimentally-infected pigs. Immunoperoxidase labelling was as sensitive as immunofluorescence and more sensitive than virus isolation for tissue that had been stored at room temperature (approximately 20 degrees C) for up to 144 h.     

The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.     

Associations ofAscaris suum and Oesophagostomum spp. infections of sows with management factors in 83 Danish sow herds

Associations of the occurrence of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum spp. in sows with herd management factors were examined using logistic-binomial regression. The information used was from 11 to 78 sows sampled from each of 83 breeding herds (2961 sows in total) and examined for eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). A sow excreting at least 20 EPG was defined as ‘infected’. Management factors of the study herds were recorded using a questionnaire. A total of 263 sows from 50 herds (8.9% of sows) and 375 sows from 20 herds (12.7% of sows) were infected with A. suum and Oesophagostomum spp., respectively. For A. suum, sows from herds with more than 85 sows had significantly higher odds of being infected compared with those from 30 to 85 sows (P < 0.05). When bedding was provided for sows, the odds of A. suum infection was 5.4 compared with sows from herds in which bedding was not provided (P < 0.05). For Oesophagostomum spp., sows from herds with different specific pathogen free status had about one tenth the odds of being infected compared with those from conventional herds (P < 0.05). Sows that had been treated with anthelmintics had very low odds of being infected with Oesophagostomum spp. compared with those that were not treated (P < 0.05). The effects of these management factors in both final models did not differ when the definition of an ‘infected’ sow was changed. The present results suggest the importance of disposal of bedding material from pens in reducing the prevalence of A. suum in larger sow herds. Anthelmintic treatment is important in reducing the prevalence of Oesophagostomum spp. infection of sows.