Antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Korea using new standardized procedures

The in vitro susceptibilities of 76 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae collected from pigs with pleuropneumonia were tested with 12 commonly used antimicrobial drugs by an agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration procedure according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. Field isolates had low MICs for ceftiofur, danofloxacin and penicillin. No correlation of antimicrobial resistance was related to serotype.     

Detection and localization of ApxI, -II and -III genes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in natural porcine pleuropneumonia in natural porcine pleuropneumonia by in situ hybridization

In situ hybridization techniques that employed a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled probe were used to detect and localize ApxI, II and III genes in tissue sections of pneumonic lung naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In pigs infected with either serotype 2 or 6, a hybridization signal for apxIICA, apxIIICA, apxIBD, and apxIIIBD was detected, and in pigs infected with serotype 5, a hybridization signal for apxICA, apxIICA, and apxIBD was detected in the pneumonic lesions. A hybridization signal for apxIICA and apxIBD was detected in pigs infected with serotype 7. A strong hybridization signal for apx genes was seen in streaming degenerate alveolar leukocytes bordering zones of coagulative necrosis. Simultaneous detection of hybridization signals for the apxCA and apxBD genes provided scientific evidence that the expression of the apx genes could be potential indicators of the production of corresponding Apx toxins. This study demonstrates the expression of ApxI, II, and III genes in pneumonic lesions caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.     

Five-Strokes Encoding Recognition of Unconstrained Handwritten Chinese Character

Keyboard input techniques are introduced into on line recognition of Chinese character with the study of chinese character five strokes encoding keyboard input method,and a new approach for on line recognition of unconstrained handwritten Chinese character,Five Strokes Encoding Recognition,is proposed.Besides,the set of character roots of Five Strokes have to be altered slightly to meet the on line recognition technique's features.     

Integrated analysis reveals an association between the rhizosphere microbiome and root rot of arecanut palm

The rhizosphere microbial community is crucial to plant health. Many studies have explored the association between the rhizosphere microbiome and plant disease. However, few studies have focused on root rot in arecanut palm, a disease causing devastating effects and thus resulting in economic losses that considerably affect the development of the arecanut industry. Here, rhizosphere samples were collected from both healthy arecanut palm plants and root-rotted arecanut palm plants, and the microbial communities were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. The root-rotted samples exhibited distinct microbial community richness, diversity, and composition compared with the healthy samples, which was associated with pH according to the Mantel test. Identified potential plant pathogens, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chytridiomycota, and Mortierellomycota, were significantly enriched in the root-rotted samples. In contrast, potentially beneficial plant microbes, such as Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, were significantly depleted in the root-rotted samples. Co-occurrence networks were constructed to further identify microbial relationships in the root-rotted samples. These findings revealed ecological imbalance among beneficial bacteria in the root-rotted samples. The present study therefore provides an integrated view of the association between the microbial community and root rot in arecanut palm.     

Variation among Rice Cultivars in Root Acidification and Its Relation to Cadmium Uptake

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants, which can easily enter into food chain through cereal. Excessive intake of Cd by human body may damage kidney and has several other chronic effects [1]. Though plants do not require Cd for growth and development, but the bioaccumulation index of Cd in plants is high and may exceed many essential elements [2]. Moreover, Cd may pose a risk to human and animal health at plant tissue concentrations that are not generally phytotoxic [3]. Therefore…     

Promotion and Inhibition of Ruminal Epithelium Growth by Butyric Acid and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1（IGF-1） in Dairy Goats

Isolated ruminal epithelia from caudal blind sacs of dairy goats were incubated with butyrate and insulin-like growth factor-1（IGF-1） at different concentrations. Proportions of ruminal epithelium in different phases of the cell division cycle were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The proportion of epithelial cells in S phase and G2-M phase（PS＆G2-M） increased significantly（P〈0.01） whereas the proportion of epithelial cells in G0-G1 phase（PG0-G1） decreased after incubation with IGF-1. PS＆G2-M decreased whereas PG0-G1 increased markedly（P〈0.01） after incubation with sodium butyrate. PS＆G2-M incubated with IGF-1 and butyrate sodium together increased more than that incubated with IGF-1 alone; PG0-G1, however, decreased significantly（P〈0.01）. Our results indicate that IGF-1 enhances whereas sodium butyrate inhibits the proliferation of rumen epithelial cells. Furthermore, butyrate and IGF-1, together, have a synergic effect on the proliferation of rumen epithelium.     

我国过洋性渔业中底拖网渔具渔法的选择

我国远洋渔业的发展起源于底拖网作业。目前，我国西非渔业项目中，底拖网作业占绝对重要的地位，它与延纪钓作业、围网作业相比较，无论是渔船的数量、从业人数、还是经济效益核算均处于首位。底拖网作业中，提高生产和经济效益的关键之一是合理地选择渔具渔法。因此，实际生产中，如何根据不同的捕捞对象、渔场条件对渔具渔法作相应的选择就显得相对重要。1渔具渔法的选择我国过洋性底拖网作业主要的捕捞对象为头足类、甲壳类和底层经济鱼类（头足类主要为章鱼、墨鱼和鳅鱼，甲壳类主要为对虾和大西洋仿对虾，底层鱼类主要为舌规、真明、…     

营养和病虫害管理对双季杂交水稻种植系统的土壤生态质量的共同影响

The mineral fertilizers(NPK) and pesticide,including herbicides,insecticides and fungicides,were applied alone or in combination and the soil sampling was done at different growth stages during the crop cycle to study the changes in soil organic matter,microbial biomass and their activity parameters in a paddy soil with different nutrient and pest management practices in a hybrid rice double-cropping system.A consistent increase in the electron transport system(ETS) activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice.The use of fertilizers(NPK) alone or with pesticides increased ETS activity,while a decline of ETS activity was noticed with pesticides alone as compared with the control.Nearly an increasing trend in soil phenol content was observed with the progression of crop growthstages,while the usage of pesticides alone caused maximum increments in the soil phenol content.The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken.But notable changes were noticed at different growth stages probable because of fluctuations in moisture and temperature at particular stages,which might have their effects on N mineralization.Marked depletions in the phospholipid content were found with the advancement of crop growth stages,while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes,in which a higher decline was noticed with pesticide application alone compared with the control.     

外源BT基因在棉花中的过量表达对根系分泌物中低分子量成分的影响

Most research in the past using genetically modified crops （GM crops） has focused on the ecological safety of foreign gene （i.e., the gene flow）, gene products （for example, Bt （Bacillus thuringiensis） protein）, and the safety of transgenic food for humans. In this study, changes in both the species and amounts of low-molecular-weight components in cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） root exudates after foreign Bt gene overexpression were investigated under different nutritional conditions. Transgenic cotton containing Bt （Bt-cotton）, supplemented with all the mineral nutrients, secreted more organic acids than the wild-type cotton （WT）. When nitrogen was removed from the full-nutrient solution, the amount of organic acids secretion of Bt-cotton was lesser than that of WT. The roots of the transgenic cotton secreted lesser amounts of amino acids and soluble sugars than the WT roots in the full-nutrient solution. Deficiencies of P and K caused a large increase in the total amino acid and soluble sugar secretions of both Bt-cotton and WT, with larger increases observed in Bt-cotton. Because transferring the foreign Bt gene into cotton can result in alterations in the components of the root exudates, with the effect varying depending on the nutritional status, the cultivation of genetically modified crops, such as Bt-cotton, in soil environments should be more carefully assessed, and the possible effects as a result of the alterations in the root exudate components should be considered.